Disability rights movement is a global social movement to ensure equal opportunity and equal rights for all persons with disabilities.
It consists of organizations of disability activists around the world who work together with similar goals and demands, such as: accessibility and security in architecture, transportation, and the physical environment; equal opportunities in independent living, work equity, education and housing; and freedom from discrimination, harassment, neglect and other rights violations. Disabled activists work to break the institutional, physical, and social barriers that prevent disabled people from living their lives like any other citizen.
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The social disability model shows disability caused by the way society is organized, not by a person's damage. This model shows the obstacles in society created by ability. When barriers are eliminated, people with disabilities can become independent and equal in society.
There are three main types of obstacles:
- Attitude barriers: are created by people who only see disabilities when dealing with people with disabilities in some way. These attitudinal barriers can be witnessed through intimidation, discrimination, and fear. These barriers include low expectations of persons with disabilities. These barriers contribute to all other obstacles. Attitudes towards people with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries can be even more extreme.
- Environmental restrictions: environments not accessible, natural or built, create inability by creating barriers to inclusion.
- Institutional constraints: includes many laws, policies, practices or strategies that discriminate against persons with disabilities. For example, a study from five Southeast Asian countries found that election laws do not specifically protect the political rights of people with disabilities, while 'some banks do not allow the visual disabled to open accounts, and HIV testing centers often refuse to accept sign language. interpreter due to confidentiality policy '. Restricting laws exist in some countries, especially those affecting intellectual or psychosocial persons.
Other obstacles include: internalized barriers (low expectations of persons with disabilities can undermine their beliefs and aspirations), inadequate data and statistics, lack of participation and consultation with the disabled.
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Problem
People with physical disabilities
Access to public areas such as city streets, public buildings, and toilets are some of the more noticeable changes that have occurred in recent decades to remove physical barriers. Significant changes in some parts of the world are the installation of elevators, automatic doors, wide doors and corridors, transit elevators, wheelchair ramps, pavement cuts, and the elimination of unnecessary steps where ramps and elevators are not available, allowing people in wheelchairs and with the inability of other mobility to use public sidewalks and public transport more easily and safely.
People with visual disabilities
People with color vision deficiency (CVD) regularly deal with implicit discrimination because of their inability to distinguish certain colors. A geometrically coded sign system known as Coloradd was developed by Professor Miguel Neiva of Minho University, Portugal in 2010 to show color to people who have difficulty distinguishing it. It has been rapidly adopted by many businesses to increase sales.
People with developmental defects
Advocates for the rights of people with developmental disabilities focus their efforts to gain acceptance in the workforce and in daily activities and events from which they may have been excluded in the past. Unlike many leaders in the disabled physical rights community, self-advocacy has been slow in developing for people with developmental disabilities. As a result, most of the work done by the Disability Rights Movement is resolved by allies, or those without disabilities but with strong connections with someone with disabilities. Parents, friends, and siblings struggle for education and acceptance when their loved ones with cognitive disabilities can not. Public awareness of the civil rights movement for this population remains limited, and the stereotypes of people with developmental disabilities as citizens who do not contribute to being dependent on others remain common. Today, the movement has a greater social focus to raise this public awareness, as evidenced by the "R-Word" Campaign, where they try to eliminate the use of the word "retard" everyday.
People with mental health problems
Advocates for the rights of people with mental health disabilities primarily focus on self-determination, and the ability of individuals to live independently.
The right to have an independent life, using paid assistant assistants rather than being institutionalized, if individual desires, is the ultimate goal of the rights movement of persons with disabilities, and is the primary goal of the same independent movement and self-advocacy, which is strongly related to people people with intellectual disabilities and mental health disorders. These movements have supported people with disabilities to live as more active participants in the community.
Access to education and jobs
Access to education and employment is also a key focus of the rights movement for people with disabilities. Adaptive technology, enabling people to do jobs they were previously unable to do, helped create access to jobs and economic independence. Classroom access has helped to increase educational opportunities and independence for people with disabilities.
Free from discrimination and harassment
Freedom from abuse, neglect, and violation of one's rights is also an important goal of the rights movement of people with disabilities. Abuse and neglect include alienation and inappropriate restrictions, improper use of force by staff and/or providers, threats, harassment and/or retaliation by staff or providers, failure to provide adequate nutrition, clothing, and/or medical health care and mental, and/or failure to provide a clean and safe living environment, as well as other issues posing a serious threat to the physical and psychological health of a person with disabilities. Violations of patient rights include failure to obtain informed consent for treatment, failure to maintain confidentiality of care records, and restrictions on the right to communicate and interact with others, as well as restrictions on other rights.
As a result of work carried out through the movement of disability rights, significant defect rights laws were passed in the 1970s to the 1990s in the US.
History
In the United Kingdom
In Great Britain, after decades of extensive activism by people with disabilities, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995) was passed. This makes it illegal in Britain to discriminate against persons with disabilities in relation to employment, the supply of goods and services, education and transportation. The Equality and Human Rights Commission provides support for this Act. Equal laws exist in Northern Ireland, enacted by the Northern Ireland Equality Commission.
After the introduction of the Bed Tax (officially under-residential punishment) in the 2012 Welfare Reform Act, disability activists have played an important role in the development of the Bed Tax Protest. Various benefit changes are expected to affect disability people disproportionately and sacrifice the right of the disabled to independent living.
In the US
The movement of disability rights began in the 1960s, driven by examples of the Civil Rights Movement and women's rights movements.
It is at this time that advocacy of disability rights begins to have a cross-disability focus. People with different types of disabilities (physical and mental disabilities, along with visual and hearing disabilities) and important needs gather together to fight for common goals.
In 1948, the turning point for movement was evidence of physical and programmatic obstacles. The proof is provided as a specification for barrier-free facilities for persons with disabilities. The specification provides minimum requirements for physical access and barrier programs. Examples of obstacles are; provides only steps to enter the building; lack of road maintenance; locations not connected to public transport; lack of visual and auditory communication ends separating individuals with disabilities from independents, participation, and opportunities. ANSI - Barrier Free Standard (phrase coined by Dr. Timothy J. Nugent, lead researcher) called "ANSI A117.1, Making Buildings Accessible and Usable by Physical Disabilities", provides incontrovertible evidence that obstacles exist. This is based on ergonomic disability studies conducted at the Urbana Champaign University of Illinois campus from 1946 to 1986. This study was codified in the ANSI A117.1 standard in 1961, 1971, 1980, and 1986. This standard is the result of physical therapists. , bio-mechanical engineers, and individuals with disabilities who develop and participate in over 40 years of research. Easter Education Committee chairman Harold Wilke was assigned to assemble the diverse group in 1959. This standard provides criteria for modifying physical programs and sites to grant independence. Applying the standard criteria under study presents reliable access and non-hazardous conditions. In October 2011 the standard was changed to 50 years. This standard has been emulated globally since it was introduced in Europe, Asia, Japan, Australia, and Canada, in the early 1960s.
One of the most important developments of the disability rights movement is the growth of the independent life movement, which emerged in California in the 1960s through the efforts of Edward Roberts and individuals who used wheelchairs. This movement, part of the rights movement for people with disabilities, postulates that people with disabilities are the best experts on their needs, and therefore they must take the initiative, individually and collectively, in designing and promoting better solutions and should organize themselves itself for political power. In addition to de-professionalization and self-representation, the ideology of the independent life movement consists of de-medikalization of disability, de-institutionalization and cross-disability (ie inclusion in independent living motions without diagnosis). Similarly, The Architectural Barriers Act was passed in 1968, which mandated that buildings and facilities built by federations be accessible to physically disabled persons. This act is generally regarded as the first federal rights of persons with disabilities laws. Unfortunately for those with cognitive disabilities, their disability makes it more difficult to become the best expert of their own needs, hindering their ability to self-advocate as their wheelchair counterpart. Self-representation is much more difficult for those who can not articulate their thoughts, which leads to their dependence on others to make the movement.
In 1973 the Rehabilitation Act (United States) became law; Sections 501, 503, and 504 prohibit discrimination in federal programs and services and all other programs or services that receive federal funds. The main language of the Rehabilitation Act, found in Section 504, states "No qualified disabled person [sic] in the United States shall, solely for the reason [sic] disabled [sic] , exempted from participation in, denied benefits, or subjected to discrimination under any program or activity that receives federal financial assistance. "This is the first civil rights law to guarantee opportunity the same for the disabled.
Another notable turning point was the 504 Sit-in in 1977 from government buildings operated by the US Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), conceived by Frank Bowe and hosted by the Coalition of American Citizens with Disability, according to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. On 5 April 1977, activists began to demonstrate and some sat in offices found in ten federal territories including New York City, Los Angeles, Boston, Denver, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Atlanta. Two of the most important protests took place in San Francisco and Washington, DC The protesters demanded the signing of the rules for Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. There were about 300 people in Washington, DC marching and then demonstrating inside the HEW building where the Office Secretary Joseph Califano is. He was the one who signed the rules, but delayed the process. Although he met with several representatives of protests, including Frank Bowe, he still has not signed it. This led many protesters to resume their overnight sit, but they left after 28 hours. A more successful sit-in takes place in San Francisco, led by Judith Heumann. The first day of protest marked the first 25-day action. Close to 120 disability activists and protesters occupying the HEW building. Califano finally signed on April 28, 1977. This protest was crucial not only because the goal was achieved, but also because it was the ultimate integrated effort between persons with disabilities who came together to support laws affecting the disability population as a whole, only certain groups. Prior to 1990 the enactment of America with Disabilities Act, the Rehabilitation Law was the most important defect rights law in the United States.
In 1978 disability rights activists in Denver, Colorado, organized by the Community of Atlantis, held a sit-in and blockade of the Denver Transit Authority Regional buses in 1978. They protested the fact that the city transit system was completely inaccessible to physically disabled. This action proved to be only the first in a series of demonstrations of civil disobedience that lasted for a year until the Denver Transit Authority finally bought a bus equipped with wheelchair lifts. In 1983, disabled Americans for Accessible Public Access (ADAPT) were responsible for another seven-year civil non-compliance campaign in Denver. They target the American Public Transport Association in protest over inaccessible public transportation; the campaign ended in 1990 when the bus lifts for people using wheelchairs were needed nationally by Americans with Disabilities Act.
Another protest related to the rights of PwDs was the protest of Deaf President Now by Gallaudet University students in Washington, DC in March 1988. The 8-day demonstration and occupation (March 6-March 13) began when the Supervisory Board appointed a new hearing President, Elisabeth Zinser, more than two Deaf Candidates. The main complaint of students is that the university, dedicated to the education of the deaf, has never had a deaf president, someone who represents them. Of the four demands of the demonstrators, the main thing is the resignation of the current president and the appointment of a deaf person. This demonstration consists of about 2,000 students and non-skilled participants. Protests took place on campus, in government buildings, and on the streets. In the end, all student demands were met and I. The Jordanian King was appointed the first Deaf President of the university.
In 1990, the United States with Disabilities Act became a law, and provided comprehensive civil rights protection for people with disabilities. Modeled carefully after the Civil Rights Act and Section 504, the law is the most extensive defect rights law in American history. The law mandates that governments and local, state and federal programs are accessible, that employers with more than 15 employees make "reasonable accommodation" for workers with disabilities and do not discriminate against workers who are qualified with disabilities, and public accommodation such as restaurants and shops. do not discriminate against persons with disabilities and they make reasonable modifications to ensure access for disabled members of the community. The law also mandates access to public transport, communications, and other areas of public life.
The first March Pride bankruptcy in the United States was held in Boston in 1990. The second décity March was held in Boston in 1991. No subsequent Marches/Parade Disability for many years, until Chicago on Sunday, July 18, 2004 It was funded with $ 10,000 in seed money received by Sarah Triano in 2003 as part of the Paul G. Hearne Leadership award from the American Association of People with Disabilities. According to Triano, fifteen hundred people attended the parade. Yoshiko Dart is a parade parade.
Exhibits and collections
To mark the 10th anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History opened an exhibit examining the history of activism by disabled people, their friends, and families to secure civil rights guaranteed to all Americans. Objects on the display include a pen of President George H.W. Bush used to sign the Act and one of the first ultralight wheelchairs. This exhibition is designed for maximum accessibility. Web-based kiosks - prototypes for versions that will eventually be available to museums and other cultural institutions - provided alternative formats for exhibitions. The exhibition opened from 6 July 2000 to 23 July 2001.
See also
External links
- Disabled Rights and Rehabilitation by Einar Helander
- Disability Rights Education & amp; Defense Fund (DREDF)
- Ed Roberts Campus
- Mandiri Life Resources
- National Organization on Disability
- Rolling Rain Reports on Travel, Disability and Universal Design A blog incorporates inclusive consumer activity such as travel in the rights movement of people with disabilities through the use of Universal Design motion design philosophy.
- Society for Disability Studies Site
- Decent Living for Independent Lenses on PBS
- Disabled Rights Movement Online exhibition from the National Museum of American History
- Community Alliance for Ethical Treatment of Youth
Further reading
- Bagenstos, Samuel. Laws and Contradictions of the Disability Rights Movement (Yale University Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0-300-12449-1
- Barnartt, Sharon N. and Scotch, Richard. Disability Protest: Intricate Politics 1970-1999 (Gallaudet University Press, 2001) ISBN 978-1-56368-112-7
- Colker, Ruth and Milani, Adam. Everyday Law for Individuals with Disabilities (Paradigm Publishers, 2005). ISBN 978-1-59451-145-5
- Fleischer, Doris Zames and Zames, Frieda. The Movement of Disability Rights: From Charity to Confrontation (Temple University Press, Issue 2, 2011). ISBN 978-1-4399-0743-6
- The Community of Johnson, Mary, and The Ragged Edge Online. Disability Awareness - do it right! Your all-in-one guide (The Advocado Press, 2006). ISBN 978-0-9721189-1-0
- Johnson, Roberta Ann. "Mobilizing the Handicapped," In the Social Movement of the Sixties and Seventies, edited by Jo Freeman (Longman, 1983), pp. 82-100; reprinted in Wave of Protest: Social Movement Since the Sixties edited by Jo Freeman and Victoria Johnson (Rowman and Littlefield, 1999), pp.Ã, 25-45. ISBN 978-0-8476-8748-0
- Again, Paul, K. and Umansky, Laurie, editor, The History of New Disability: The American Perspective (New York University Press, 2001). ISBN 978-0-8147-8564-5
- O'Brien, Ruth. Disable Justice: History of Modern Disability Policy at Work (University Of Chicago Press, 2001). ISBN 978-0-226-61659-9
- Pelka, Fred. The ABC Clio Companion for the Disability Rights Movement (ABC-Clio, 1997). ISBN: 978-0-87436-834-5
- Pelka, Fred. What We Do: The Oral History of the Disability Rights Movement (Amherst, Boston MA: University of Massachusetts Press 2012). ISBN 978-1-55849-919-5
- The University of California Bupati. Right of Disability and Independent Living Movement (Berkeley, CA: The University of California Berkeley, 2001). Web. Copyright Ã, Â © 2007 Bupati University of California. All rights reserved. Documents maintained on server: http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/by Bancroft Library. www.bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/aboutus/project.html
- Shapiro, Joseph P. No Pity: Persons with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement (Times Books, 1993). ISBN 978-0-8129-2412-1
- Stroman, Duane. Movement of Disability Rights: From Deinstitutionalization to Self-Determination (University Press of America, 2003). ISBN 978-0-7618-2480-0
References
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