R.U.R. is the 1920 fiction science game by Czech author Karel? apt. R.U.R. stands for Rossumovi UniverzÃÆ'¡lnÃÆ' Roboti (Robot Universal Rossum). However, the English words Rossum's Universal Robots have been used as subtitles in the original Czech. It aired on January 25, 1921 and introduced the word "robot" to English and to science fiction as a whole.
R.U.R. quickly became famous and influential at the beginning of its publishing history. In 1923, it was translated into thirty languages.
The drama begins in a factory that creates artificial people, called robot, from synthetic organic materials. They are not robots with the current definition of terms: they are living things from living things and blood rather than machines and closer to the modern idea of ​​android or replica. They may be mistaken for humans and can think for themselves. They seem happy to work for humans at first, but the robot uprising leads to the extinction of the human race. "Apek then takes a different approach to the same theme in War with the Newts, where non-humans become auxiliary classes in human society.
R.U.R. dark but not hopeless, and successful in his time in Europe and North America.
Video R.U.R.
Karakter
The brackets indicate the difference in translation.
- Man
- Harry Domin (Domain): General Manager, R.U.R.
- Fabry: Chief Engineer, R.U.R.
- Dr. Gall: Head of Department of Physiology, R.U.R.
- Dr. Hellman (Hallemeier): Psychologist-in-Chief
- Jacob Berman (Busman): Managing Director, R.U.R.
- Alquist: Employment Officer, R.U.R.
- Helena Glory: President of the League of Humanity, daughter of President Glory
- Emma (Nana): Helena's helper
- Robots and robots
- Marius, the robot
- Sulla, robotess
- Radius, robot
- Primus, robot
- Helena, robotess
- Daemon (Damon), robot
Maps R.U.R.
Plot
Act Me
Helena, the daughter of the president of a major industrial force, arrived at the factory of Universal Robot Island island. He met Domin, General Manager of R.U.R., who recounted his company's history:
In 1920, a man named Rossum came to the island to study marine biology, and in 1932 he accidentally discovered a chemical that behaved exactly like protoplasm, except that he did not mind being beaten. Rossum tried to make a dog and a man, but failed. His nephew came to see him, and the two men argued endlessly, especially since Old Rossum just wanted to create an animal to prove that not only is God unnecessary but that there is no God at all, and Young Rossum just wants to make himself rich. Finally, Young Rossum locks his uncle in the lab to play with his monsters and mutants, while Young Rossum builds the factory and animates the Robots as many as thousands. At the time of the show - around 2000 - Robots are cheap and available worldwide. They are absolutely necessary because they allow the product to be made one-fifth of the previous cost.
Helena meets Fabry, Dr. Gall, Alquist, Busman and Hallemeier, and reveals that he is a representative of the League of Humanity, a human rights organization that wants to "free" the Robots. The factory managers find this silly proposition, because they see the Robot as a tool. Helena requested that Robots be paid so they can buy things they like, but Robots do not like anything. Helena is finally convinced that the League of Humanity is a waste of money, but continues to argue about the fact that robots must still have "soul". Later, Dom confesses that he loves Helena and forces her into an engagement.
Act II
Ten years later, Helena and her nurse Nana talked about the latest happenings - especially the decline in human births. Helena and Domin nostalgic about the day when they meet and summarize the last ten years of world history, which has been shaped by Robot-based new economy around the world. Helena meets a new Robot experiment. Gall, Radius, and Dr. Gall describes his experimental Robotess, Robot Helena. Both are more advanced, full version. In secret, Helena burns the formula needed to make a Robot. The Robots Rebellion reaches Rossum Island as an ending act.
Round III
The characters feel that the universality of robots is very dangerous. Reminiscent of the Tower of Babel, the characters discuss whether creating a national Robot who can not communicate outside their language group would be a good idea. When Robot forces surrounded the plant, Helena revealed that she had burned the formula needed to make a new robot. Characters bemoan the end of humanity and defend their actions, despite the fact that an imminent death is a direct result of such action. Busman was killed while trying to negotiate with Robots, who then raided the factory and killed all humans except Alquist, the company's chief engineer, who was set aside by the Robot because they admitted that "he works with his hands like a robot."
Epilogue
Years have passed and almost all humans have been killed by the robot revolution except the Alquist. He has tried to recreate the formula that destroyed Helena, though because she is a mechanical engineer with little knowledge of biological chemistry, she has made little progress. The robot government has been trying to find surviving humans to help the Alquist but they have not been able to find it yet. Officials of the government approach the robot Alquist and the first order and then ask him to finish the formula, even if it means he has to kill and dissect other robots to do so. The result of alquist, agreeing to kill and dissect, which completes the cycle of violence begins in Law Two. Alquist is disgusted by it. Robots Primus and Helena develop human feelings and fall in love. Playing a hunch, Alquist threatens to dissect Primus and then Helena; each asking him to take himself and save others. Alquist realizes that they are the new Adam and Eve, and give the world responsibility to them.
Robot
The robots depicted in Apek's drama are not robots in terms of the popularly understood automaton. They are not mechanical devices, but artificial biological organisms that may be mistaken for humans. A comic scene at the beginning of the show shows Helena arguing with her future husband, Harry Domin, because he does not believe that his secretary is a robotess:
In a limited sense, they resemble a more modern conception of man-made life forms, such as Replicants in Blade Runner, hosted in the TV series Westworld and Humanoid Cylons in Battlestar Galactica was re-imagined, but at the time of the apek there was no conception of modern genetic engineering (the role of DNA in heredity was not confirmed until 1952). There is a description of a shaker trough for robot skin, big barrel for heart and brain, and factory for producing bone. Nerve, arterial, and intestinal fibers revolve around the plant bobbins, while the robot itself is assembled like a car. ? Apek's robots are living biological creatures, but they are still assembled , compared to growing or born .
A critic has described the "Stale Robot as an example" of the traumatic transformation of modern society by the First World War and Fordis assembly line. "
Origin of words
The drama introduces the word robot , which replaces old words like "otomaton" or "android" in languages ​​all over the world. In an article on LidovÃÆ'Â © noviny Karel? Apek named his brother Josef as the true inventor of the word. In Czech, robots means forced labor of the kind that slaves should do in their master's land and come from rab , which means "slave".
The name Rossum is an allusion to the Czech word rozum , meaning "reason", "wisdom", "intellect" or "common sense". It is said that the satire may be preserved by translating "Rossum" as "Reason" but only the Majer/Porter version that translates the word as "Reason".
Production history
The work was published in Prague by Aventinum in 1920 and aired in the city on January 25, 1921. It was translated from Czech to English by Paul Selver and adapted for the English stage by Nigel Playfair in 1923. Selver's translation summarized the drama and eliminated character, a robot named "Damon". In April 1923 Basil Dean produced R.U.R. for the Reandean Company at St Martin's Theater, London.
The American premiere was at the Garrick Theater in New York City in October 1922, where he ran for 184 shows, a production where Spencer Tracy and Pat O'Brien played a robot in their Broadway debut.
It was also screened in Chicago and Los Angeles during 1923. In the late 1930s, the drama was staged in the US by the Federal Theater Theater Marionette Project in New York.
In 1989, a new translation, unchanged by Claudia Novack-Jones, returned the elements of the game removed by Selver. Other translations not compiled by Peter Majer and Cathy Porter for Methuen Drama in 1999.
Critical acceptance
Reviewing New York production from R.U.R. , Forum Magazine describes the game as "thought" and "very original original thriller". John Clute has praised R.U.R. as "a game of excessive intelligence and almost demonic energy" and lists the drama as one of the "classic titles" of inter-war science fiction. Luciano Floridi describes the game as follows: "Philosophically rich and controversial, R.U.R. is acclaimed as a masterpiece of his first appearance, and has become a classical dystopian technological literature." Jarka M. Burien calls R.U.R. a "theatically effective sci-fi sci-fi melodrama".
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments