Israel's labor laws provide a number of protection to workers in Israel. They are governed by the Constitution, Business Hours and Rest of the Law, as well as various laws, laws and regulations.
Video Israeli labor law
States
Trade unions are legal in Israel, and about a third of the workforce is unionized. The Histadrut, a major trade union federation, has a prominent place in Israeli economy and society. Workers in most industries have the right to strike with fifteen days' notice of a given strike intent. It is illegal to dismiss a worker for association and to participate in union activities, including strikes. However, the right to strike is restricted in civil service and in institutions deemed vital such as drugs, water, energy, and police. Israeli labor courts are tasked with resolving labor disputes. There are five regional labor courts handling local disputes, and the National Labor Court in Jerusalem, which handles national strikes, collective disputes, and appeals against local court decisions.
History of Collective Bargaining
Wage negotiations in Israel have shifted from a highly centralized corporate system that collectively represents virtually all workers, to a decentralized, pluralist system, with many wage agreements in various employment sectors. Until the 1990s, bargaining was negotiated between the Private Employers' Association representing businesses and Histadrut representing the workforce. The role of the state in these negotiations is unofficial and its main objective is to disseminate new agreements to the people. Wage negotiations are made at the state level, determining standard payouts across industry sectors. Due to the decline in union membership and employers' associations, it is increasingly difficult to gather workers throughout the labor sector. This decentralization is also associated with the emergence of unions outside traditional Histadrut, or Federation of Common Trade Unions, which were not previously permitted under the laws of the corporatist system.
Evolution of Israeli Workers
The history of Israel, and its transformation from corporate to pluralist show its position as a unique economic type. Coordination between government, labor and employers in terms of how wages are set shows the difference from a liberal economy like the United States. The great influence of Histadrut in the mid to late 20th century demonstrates a highly centralized government that allows a high degree of corporatism with the largest state unions in managing public health care and public pension funds. With the state-owned military equipment industry replacing more traditional employment sectors such as agriculture in the 1980s, Israel evolved into a more industrial economy. Only in the last few decades, when large-scale industrial work has declined, and service-sector employment has increased, that Histadrut has lost power. In the 1990s, former Soviet scientists came to Israel and helped the country further diversify its exports to become a more competitive country in the world economy.
In the 21st century, Israel has shown itself to have great potential from the younger generation as it reaches the second highest level of 25-64 years that has reached higher education. This new young generation may prove to be changing the Israeli work system and further bringing it into a more service-oriented world.
Maps Israeli labor law
Workweek and clock
The law of Israel sets a working time of 43 hours. This is reduced to 42 hours from April 1, 2018. For those who have five working days, the length of working days is set at 8.6 hours, while those who have a six-day workday have 8-hour workdays, with half a working day on Friday. Those who have a minimum six-hour work day are entitled to a 45-minute break, including an uninterrupted 30-minute break, although with special permission those working in non-manual jobs can have a full working day without a break. However, in practice, additional time is added to replace this break, which leads to 45 hours maximum working hours. As a result, many employees in Israel work 45 hours a week, or 9 hours a day for 5 days. Any work outside these hours is considered overtime. Overtime work is illegal unless permission is obtained from the Ministry of Labor, and is subject to certain conditions. The first two hours of overtime should be offset by a 125% wage increase, and any overtime work beyond that should be accompanied by a 150% increase. No more than four hours of overtime work can be done in one day. Those who have six working days can not work more than 12 hours overtime per week, while those who have five working days can not work more than 15 hours overtime per week. Those who work during religious holidays are entitled to a 150% increase and an alternative holiday. Employers are prohibited by law for forcing their employees to work more than 47 hours per week.
Discrimination
Discrimination on race, religion, age, sexual preference, or disability is prohibited. It is also illegal to fire an employee who is pregnant unless the employer can satisfy the Ministry of Labor that the reasons for the termination of employment are not related to pregnancy. Entrepreneurs other than government security agencies and those providing services to children or mentally or physically handicapped persons are prohibited by law from conducting criminal background checks of prospective workers.
Leave the right
All Israeli workers are entitled to a weekly rest period of at least 36 hours, although with special permission from the Ministry of Labor, it can be reduced to a minimum of 25 hours. The Israelis typically follow a five-week Sunday-Thursday week, though some, with six working days a week, work until noon on Fridays. This was done to accommodate Jewish and Jewish Sabbaths.
All Israeli employees with five business days are entitled to a minimum of 12 paid days during the first four years of work, while those who have a six day work day are eligible for 14 days. This gradually increases after four years to a maximum of 28 days. There are also 9 paid public holidays, including two consecutive days.
The worker is also entitled to 18 days paid sick leave per year, and a female worker who has worked for the same employer for one year is entitled to 26 weeks maternity leave, even though she can share it with the father, and those who use the parental leave are entitled get government allowances for the first 14 days. It is illegal to fire someone for maternity leave or within 60 days of conclusion.
Employment Rights for Migrants
There is a high level of immigrants in the Israeli workforce, with most being official immigrants and a smaller percentage illegitimate. In 1999, when immigrants accounted for 16% of the full-time workforce, they made up 27% more than part-time work. Most recently in 2001, out of a total of 2,500,000 workers in the workforce, about 200,000 were immigrants. These migrant workers usually take on low-paying jobs in the private sector, where they can be exploited without adequate protection from labor law. The inclusion of migrant workers in the workforce limits the bargaining power of Israeli workers to higher wages, as they tend to take on low-paid part-time jobs outside the collective bargaining agreement. In 2000, 80.2% of male migrant workers were paid less than the minimum wage. In 1991, the Israeli Parliament, the Knesset, passed the Foreign Workers Act (Unlawful Work and the Guarantee of Eligible Conditions) to protect immigrants from the subject of a market economy without labor protection. Under the law, employers are required to pay funds that provide social benefits to migrant workers. In addition, in an effort to protect the wages of all migrant workers, the law encourages employers to make collective agreements with their workers, similar to how Israel's large private sector has been coordinated.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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