William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III 19 August 1946) is an American politician who served as President of the 42nd United States of 1993 until 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992. A Democrat, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centric "Third Way" political philosophy.
Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University, University College, Oxford, and Yale Law School. He met Hillary Rodham at Yale and married her in 1975. After graduating from Yale, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won the election as Attorney General of Arkansas, serving from 1977 to 1979. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton revolutionized the state education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in 1992, defeating current Republican opponent George H. W. Bush. At the age of 46, he became the youngest and third youngest president of the Baby Boomer generation.
Clinton led the longest period of economic expansion of peacetime in American history and signed the North American Free Trade Agreement Act, but failed to pass his plans for national health care reform. In the 1994 general election, Republicans won unified control of Congress for the first time in 40 years. In 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected for a second full term. Clinton passed the welfare reform and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, as well as financial deregulation measures, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and the Modernization Act Commodity Futures of 2000. In 1998, Clinton was indicted by Parliament for perjury and obstruction of justice, related to a sex scandal involving White House employee Monica Lewinsky. Clinton was released by the Senate in 1999 and went on to complete his term in office. Clinton was only the second US president ever to be impeached, the first being Andrew Johnson. During the last three years of the Clinton presidency, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus, the first such surplus since 1969. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered US military intervention in the Bosnian and Kosovo wars, signing the Iraqi Liberation Act in opposition to Saddam. Hussein, participated in the 2000 Camp David Summit to advance the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, and assist the Northern Ireland peace process.
Clinton left the office with the highest end of approval ratings of every US president since World War II, and he is constantly scoring high on the US president's history, consistently placing him in the top third. Since leaving his post, Clinton has been involved in public talks and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as AIDS prevention and global warming. He remains active in politics by campaigning for Democratic candidates, including the presidential campaign of his wife and Barack Obama. In 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life . In 2009, Clinton was named the Special Envoy of the United Nations for Haiti and after the Haitian earthquake of 2010, he worked with George W. Bush to form the Clinton Bush Fund of Haiti. In addition, he succeeded in securing the release of two American journalists jailed by North Korea, visiting the capital of Pyongyang and negotiating their release with Kim Jong-il.
Video Bill Clinton
Early life and career
Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas. He was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr., a traveling salesman who died in a car accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy (later Virginia Kelley). Her parents were married on September 4, 1943, but this union later proved to be bigamous, since Blythe was still married to his third wife. As soon as Bill was born, Virginia went to New Orleans to study nursing. He left his son in Hope with his parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who own and run a small grocery store. At a time when the southern United States is racially segregated, Clinton's grandparents sell goods on credit to people of all races. In 1950, Bill's mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr., who owns a car dealer in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950.
Although he immediately assumes the use of his stepfather's surname, it was not until Clinton turned back that he formally adopted the Clinton surname as a gesture towards his stepfather. Clinton said she remembered her stepfather as a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly harassed her mother and her half-brother, Roger Clinton Jr., to the point where she intervened several times with the threat of violence to protect them.
In Hot Springs, Clinton attends St. Catholic Primary School. John, Ramble Elementary School and High School Hot Springs, where he is an active student leader, an avid reader, and a musician. Clinton was in the choir and playing tenor saxophone, winning the first seat in the state band saxophone. He briefly considered dedicating his life to music, but as he noted in his autobiography My Life :
Clinton became interested in the field of law at Hot Springs High, when he took on the challenge of arguing the defense of the ancient Roman Senator Catiline in a mock trial in his Latin class. After a strong defense that exploited his "rhetorical and political skills", he told the Latin teacher Elizabeth Buck that it "made him realize that he would one day study the law".
Clinton has identified two influential moments in his life, both of which occurred in 1963, contributing to his decision to become a public figure. One of them was his visit as a Boys Nation senator to the White House to meet President John F. Kennedy. Others are watching the 1965 speech I Have a Dream in Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech. on TV, which made him quite impressed so he then memorized it.
Maps Bill Clinton
College and law school year
Georgetown University Georgetown
With the help of a scholarship, Clinton attended the Foreign Service School at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Foreign Service in 1968.
In 1964 and 1965, Clinton won the election for the class president. From 1964 to 1967, he worked an apprenticeship and later became a clerk at Senator Arkansas J. William Fulbright's office. While in college, he became a brother of co-service with Alpha Phi Omega and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Clinton is also a member of the Order of DeMolay, a youth group affiliated with Freemasonry, but he has never been a Freemason. He is a fraternal fraternity of Kappa Kappa Psi.
Oxford
After graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won the Rhodes Scholarship to University College, Oxford, where he originally read for B.Phil. in the field of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics but transferred to B.Litt. in politics and, in the end, a B.Phil. in politics. Clinton did not expect a second year due to the draft and he switched programs; this type of activity is common among other Rhodes scholars of his group. He had accepted an offer to study at Yale Law School, Yale University, but he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford.
During his time in Oxford, Clinton befriends fellow American Rhodes Scholar Frank Aller. In 1969, Aller received a draft letter mandating the spread to the Vietnam War. Aller's 1971 suicide had an influential influence on Clinton. British writer and feminist Sara Maitland said of Clinton: "I remember Bill and Frank Aller took me to a pub on Walton Street in the summer of 1969 and talked to me about the Vietnam War.I do not know anything about it, and when Frank started to describe the napalming of civilians, I started to cry, and Bill said that the bad feelings were not good enough.It was the first time I found the idea that liberal sensibilities were not enough and you had to do something about things like that.He also developed interest in rugby union, which he played at Oxford.
While Clinton became president in 1994, he received an honorary degree and a scholarship from Oxford University, specifically to be "a persistent and tireless leader of the causes of world peace", has a "strong collaborator in his wife," and to win " common to its accomplishments in resolving congestion that obstructs an agreed budget ".
Vietnam War Opposition and concept of controversy
While in Oxford, Clinton also participated in the Vietnam War protests and organized the Moratorium to End the War in October 1969 in Vietnam.
During the Vietnam War, Clinton received a draft education draft when he was in England in 1968 and 1969. He planned to attend law school in the US and was aware that he might lose the draft of his suspension. Clinton tried unsuccessfully to get a position in the National Guard or Air Force, and he then made arrangements to join the Training of the Reserve Officers Corps (ROTC) program at the University of Arkansas.
He then decided not to join the ROTC, saying in a letter to the officer in charge of the program that he opposed the war, but did not think it was honorable to use the ROTC, National Guard, or Reserves service to avoid serving in Vietnam. He further states that because he is against war, he will not volunteer to serve in uniform, but will be subject to the design, and will serve if chosen only as a way "to maintain my political viability in the system". Clinton is registered for the draft and receives a high sum (311), meaning that those whose birth dates have been withdrawn as numbers 1 through 310 have to be drawn up before him, so it is unlikely he will be recruited. (In fact, the highest number compiled is 195.)
Colonel Eugene Holmes, an Army officer who had been involved with the Clinton ROTC application, suspected that Clinton was trying to manipulate the situation to avoid the design and avoid serving in uniform. He issued a statement notarized during the 1992 presidential campaign:
During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had been trying to give him a position in the Sea Reserve, which would prevent him from being deployed to Vietnam. This effort did not work and Clinton said in 1992 that he did not realize it until then. Though legal, Clinton's actions in connection with the draft and deciding whether to serve in the military were criticized during his first presidential campaign by conservatives and some Vietnam veterans, some of whom alleged that he had used Fulbright's influence to avoid military service. Clinton's 1992 campaign manager, James Carville, has successfully argued that Clinton's letter in which he refused to join the ROTC should be published, insisting that voters, many of them also opposed the Vietnam War, would understand and appreciate his position.
Law school
After Oxford, Clinton attended Yale Law School and obtained a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1973. In 1971, he met with law student Hillary Rodham at the Yale Law Library; he is a class next year. They started dating and were soon inseparable. After only about a month, Clinton postponed his plans to become coordinator for George McGovern's campaign for the 1972 US presidential election to move with him in California.
Clinton eventually moved to Texas with Rodham in 1972 to take the job of leading McGovern's efforts there. He spends a lot of time in Dallas, at the local campaign headquarters on Lemmon Avenue, where he has an office. Clinton works with future future mayor Dallas's Ron Kirk, future governor of Texas Ann Richards, and then director of the unknown television (and future filmmaker) Steven Spielberg.
Bill married Hillary on October 11, 1975, and their only son, Chelsea, was born on February 27, 1980.
early political career
Governor of Arkansas (1979 -1981, 1983-1992)
After graduating from Yale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a law professor at the University of Arkansas. In 1974, he ran for the House of Representatives. Running in a conservative district against the ruling President John Paul Hammerschmidt, Clinton's campaign is backed by an anti-Republican and anti-incumbent atmosphere resulting from the Watergate scandal. Hammerschmidt, who had received 77 percent of the vote in 1972, defeated Clinton with only 52 percent to 48 percent margin. In 1976, Clinton nominated Attorney General Arkansas. With only a small opposition in the primary and no opposition at all in the general election, Clinton was elected.
Clinton was elected Governor of Arkansas in 1978, after defeating Republican candidate Lynn Lowe, a farmer from Texarkana. At the age of 32, he became the youngest governor in the country. Due to his young appearance, Clinton is often called "Boy Governor". He works on educational reform and directs Arkansas road maintenance, with Hillary's wife leading a successful committee in urban health care reform. However, his tenure included unpopular motor taxes and angry citizens over the escape of Cuban refugees (from Mariel carrier vessels) held at Fort Chaffee in 1980. Monroe Schwarzlose of Kingsland in Cleveland County surveyed 31% of the vote against Clinton in Democrats the chief governor of 1980. Some suggest the unexpected presence of Schwarzlose voters predicting Clinton's defeat by Republican contender Frank D. White in the election that year. As Clinton once joked, she is the youngest governor in the nation's history.
Clinton joins the Little Rock law firm of Bruce Lindsey, Wright, Lindsey and Jennings. In 1982, he was elected governor for the second time and retained the post for ten years. Effective with the 1986 election, Arkansas has changed his gubernatorial term from two to four years. During his tenure, he helped transform the Arkansas economy and improve the country's education system. For senior citizens, he removes sales taxes from drugs and increases the tax exemption of home property. He became a prominent figure among the New Democrats, a group of Democrats who advocated welfare reform, smaller government, and other policies not supported by liberals. Formally managed as the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), the New Democrats argue that in the light of Ronald Reagan's stormy victory in 1984, the Democratic Party must adopt a more centric political stance to succeed at the national level. Clinton delivered the Democrats' reaction to Reagan in 1985 State of the Union Address and served as chair of the National Governors Association from 1986 to 1987, taking him to an audience outside Arkansas.
In the early 1980s, Clinton made reforming the Arkansas education system a top priority of his governor's government. The Arkansas Standards Education Committee is chaired by Clinton's wife Hillary Rodham Clinton, who is also a lawyer and chairman of the Legal Services Corporation. The committee changed the Arkansas education system. Reform proposals include more spending on schools (supported by increased sales tax), better opportunities for gifted children, vocational education, higher teacher salaries, more variety of courses, and mandatory teacher competency exams. The Reformation passed in September 1983 after Clinton called for a special legislative session - the longest in Arkansas history. Many consider this the greatest achievement of the Clinton administration. He defeated four Republican nominee candidates: Lowe (1978), White (1982 and 1986), Jonesboro businessman Woody Freeman (1984), and Sheffield Nelson of Little Rock (1990).
Also in the 1980s, personal affairs and businesses of The Clintons included transactions underlying the investigation of the Whitewater controversy, which later seduced his presidential administration. After extensive investigations for several years, no charges were made against the Clintons associated with the years in Arkansas.
According to some sources, Clinton was an opponent of the death penalty in his early years, but he eventually switched positions. During the Clinton administration, Arkansas conducted its first execution since 1964 (the death sentence was reinstated on March 23, 1973). As Governor, he oversaw four executions: one with an electric chair and three with lethal injection. Later, as president, Clinton was the first president to forgive the prisoners of death penalty since the federal death sentence was restored in 1988.
1988 presidential presidency of the Democrats
In 1987, the media speculated that Clinton would enter Presidential elections after New York's new governor Mario Cuomo refused to run and Democratic frontman Gary Hart withdrew for disclosing marriage disloyalty. Clinton decided to remain as governor of Arkansas (following the consideration of Hillary Rodham Clinton's nomination as governor, initially favored - but eventually vetoed - by the First Lady). For nominations, Clinton supports Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. He gave a nationally televised opening speech in 1988 of the Democratic National Convention, but his speech, which was 33 minutes long and twice as long as expected, was criticized for being too long and not delivered well. Clinton presented herself as a moderate member and member of the Democratic Party's New Democratic wing, and he headed the moderate Democratic Leadership Council in 1990 and 1991.
Presidency (1993-2001)
During his presidency, Clinton advocated various legislation and programs, largely enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, in particular the North American Free Trade Agreement and welfare reform, have been attributed to a centralized Third World Order philosophy. Its fiscal conservatism policy helps reduce the budget deficit. Clinton is leading the longest period of peaceful economic expansion in American history. The Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus of $ 69 billion in 1998, $ 126 billion in 1999, and $ 236 billion in 2000, for the past three years from the Clinton presidency. During the years of recorded surplus, gross national debt rises every year. At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each year of recorded surplus, US treasuries reported gross debt of $ 5.413 trillion in 1997, $ 5.526 trillion in 1998, $ 5.656 trillion in 1999, and $ 5.674 trillion in 2000. During the period Similarly, the Office of Management and Budget reported year-end gross (December 31) gross debt of $ 5.369 trillion in 1997, $ 5.478 trillion in 1998, $ 5.606 in 1999, and $ 5.629 trillion in 2000. By the end of his presidency, Clintons moved to Chappaqua, New York to fulfill residency requirements for his wife to win the election as US Senator from New York.
presidential campaign 1992
In the first major contest, Iowa Caucus, Clinton completed a third away from Iowa Senator Tom Harkin. During a campaign for New Hampshire primers, reports emerged that Clinton had been involved in extramarital affairs with Gennifer Flowers. Clinton fell far behind former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas in a New Hampshire poll. After Super Bowl XXVI, Clinton and his wife Hillary went on <60 Minutes to refuse the allegations. Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but Clinton regained some delegates. He finished second in Tsongas in New Hampshire, but after falling behind in the polls and coming within a single digit of victory, the media saw him as a victory. The news outlets labeled him "The Comeback Kid" for getting a good second place.
Winning big prizes from Florida and Texas and many Southern preliminaries on Super Tuesday gave Clinton the lead a sizeable delegate. However, former California governor Jerry Brown scored the winner and Clinton has never won a significant contest outside his home country, South. With no remaining Southern states, Clinton is targeting New York, which has many delegates. He scored a glorious victory in New York City, releasing his image as a regional candidate. Having turned into a consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, ending with victory in Jerry Brown state in California.
During the campaign, questions about conflicts of interest concerning the state business and Rose's Law Office were politically strong, in which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, emerged. Clinton believes these questions are moot because all transactions with the state have been cut before determining Hillary's pay. Further concerns arose when Bill Clinton announced that, with Hillary, voters would get two presidents "for the price of one".
Clinton was still Governor of Arkansas when campaigning for the US president, and he returned to his home country to see that Ricky Ray Rector would be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot his own head, leading to what his lawyers said as a condition in which he could still speak but did not understand the idea of ​​death. Under Arkansas state law and Federal law, inmates with serious mental disabilities can not be executed. The court disagrees with allegations of severe mental disorder and leaves the execution. Clinton's return to Arkansas for the execution was framed in an article for The New York Times as a possible political step to counter "soft" accusations of crime.
Bush's approval rating was about 80 percent during the Gulf War, and he was described as second to none. When Bush compromised with the Democrats to try to lower the Federal deficit, he reneged on his promise not to raise taxes, which hurt his approval ratings. Clinton repeatedly condemned Bush for making a promise he failed to save. At the time of the election, the economy worsened and Bush saw its approval ratings drop to just slightly above 40 percent. Finally, conservatives were previously united by anti-communism, but with the end of the Cold War, the party had no unity issues. When Pat Buchanan and Pat Robertson discuss Christian themes at the Republican National Convention - with Bush criticizing Democrats for neglecting God from their platforms - many moderate people are alienated. Clinton then pointed to a moderate note, "New Democrats" as governors of Arkansas, though some of the more liberal parties remain suspicious. Many Democrats who supported Ronald Reagan and Bush in previous elections shifted their support to Clinton. Clinton and his partner, Al Gore, toured the country during the final weeks of the campaign, shoring up support and promising "a new start".
Clinton won the 1992 presidential election (370 electoral votes) against presidential candidate George H. W. Bush (168 electoral votes) and populist billionaire Ross Perot (0 electoral votes), who ran as independent on a platform that focused on domestic issues. Bush's sharp decline in public approval is an important part of Clinton's success. Clinton's victory in the election ended twelve years from the Republican government at the White House and twenty from twenty-four years earlier. The election gave Democrats full control of the United States Congress, the first time a party has controlled both the executive and legislative branches since the Democrats convened the 96th United States Congress during Jimmy Carter's presidency.
First term (1993-1997)
Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993. Less than a month after taking office, he signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which requires large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or serious medical conditions. This action received bipartisan support, and was popular in the community.
Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993 - the 20th anniversary of the US Supreme Court ruling at Roe v. Wade - Clinton canceled restrictions on domestic and international family planning programs that had been enacted by Reagan and Bush. Clinton said that abortions should be kept "safe, legal, and scarce" - a slogan suggested by the University of California, San Diego political scientist Samuel L. Popkin and first used by Clinton in December 1991, during the campaign. During the eight years of the Clinton administration, the rate of US abortion declined by about 18.4 percent.
On February 15, 1993, Clinton made his first speech to the state, announcing his plan to raise taxes to cover the budget deficit. Two days later, in a national television address for a joint session of Congress, Clinton announced his economic plan. The plan is focused on reducing the deficit rather than cutting taxes for the middle class, which is high on the agenda of the campaign. Clinton's advisers pressured him to raise taxes, based on the theory that a smaller federal budget deficit would reduce the interest rate on bonds.
On May 19, 1993, Clinton fired seven employees from the White House Travel Office, causing controversy over the White House travel office even though the travel agency staff served the president's pleasure and could be dismissed without cause. The White House responded to the controversy by claiming that the dismissal was done in response to financial untruths that had been revealed by a brief FBI investigation. Critics argue that the dismissal has been made to allow friends from Clintons to take over the travel business and the FBI's involvement is unfounded.
In August, Clinton signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which passed the Congress without a Republican vote. It cut taxes to 15 million low-income families, making tax cuts available for 90% of small businesses, and raising taxes on 1.2% of the richest taxpayers. In addition, it is mandated that budgets be balanced over several years through the implementation of spending restrictions.
On September 22, 1993, Clinton delivered an important speech to Congress on health care reform plans; the program aims to achieve universal coverage through a national health care plan. This is one of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda and is produced from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton. The plan was well received in politics, but was eventually doomed by well-organized lobbying opposition from conservatives, the American Medical Association, and the health insurance industry. However, Clinton biographer John F. Harris stated that the program failed due to lack of coordination within the White House. Despite the Democratic majority in Congress, efforts to create a national health care system eventually died when a compromise by George J. Mitchell failed to win a majority of support in August 1994. The bill's failure was the first major legislative defeat of the Clinton Administration.
In November 1993, David Hale - a source of criminal charges against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy - alleged that when he became governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured him to grant a $ 300,000 illegal loan to Susan McDougal, a Clintons partner in the Whitewater Deal. The Investigation of the Securities Commission and the US Commission generated confidence in McDougal for their role in the Whitewater project, but Clintons himself was never prosecuted, and Clinton declared that he and his wife were innocent of the affair.
On November 30, 1993, Clinton signed the Bill Brady law, which mandated a federal background check on people who bought firearms in the United States. The law also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until the NICS system was implemented in 1998. He also expanded the Income Tax Credit earned, a subsidy for low-income workers.
In December of the same year, allegations by Arkansas state troops Larry Patterson and Roger Perry were first reported by David Brock at The American Spectator. In an event later known as "Troopergate", the officers alleged that they arranged sexual relations for Clinton back when he became governor of Arkansas. The story mentions a woman named Paula , a reference to Paula Jones. Brock later apologized to Clinton, saying the article was politically motivated "bad journalism", and that "the army was greedy and had a slimy motif".
That month, Clinton implements a Department of Defense directive known as "Do not Ask, Do not Tell", which allows gay men and women to serve in armed services provided they keep their sexual preferences a secret. The law prohibits the military to inquire about an individual's sexual orientation. The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton's proposal to allow gay men to serve openly in the army met with prominent Republican and Democratic opposition, including Senators John McCain (R-AZ) and Sam Nunn (D-GA). According to David Mixner, Clinton's support for compromise led to a fierce dispute with Vice President Al Gore, who felt that "the President must lift the ban... although [his executive order] will surely be defeated by Congress". Some gay rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of pledging his campaign for votes and contributions. Their position was that Clinton should integrate the military with an executive order, noting that President Harry S. Truman used the executive order to racially delegate the armed forces. Clinton's advocates argue that an executive order may have pushed the Senate to write gay exceptions into the law, potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future. Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented, saying he did not think serious people could say it was not "broken". The policy is still controversial, and eventually repealed in 2011, removing open sexual orientation as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces.
On January 1, 1994, Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law. During his first year in office, Clinton consistently supported ratification of treaties by the US Senate. Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly support free trade; Nevertheless, there remains a strong disagreement within the party. The opposition came mainly from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats, and supporters of Ross Perot. The bill passed the house with 234 votes against the opposed 200 (132 Republican and 102 Democrats voted in favor, 156 Democrats, 43 Republican parties, and 1 independently opposed). The treaty was later ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the president.
The Omnibus Crimes Bill, signed by Clinton into law in September 1994, made many changes to US law enforcement and criminal law including the expansion of capital punishment to include non-death-related crimes, such as running large-scale drug companies. During Clinton's reelection campaign, he said, "The 1994 crime bill I extend the death penalty for drug lords, the murder of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of rough criminals." It also includes one part of an offensive weapons prohibition for a period of ten years.
The Clinton Administration also launched the first White House official website, whitehouse.gov, on October 21, 1994. This was followed by three more versions, which produced a final edition launched in 2000. The White House Website is part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration against web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, "Clinton and Gore are responsible for suppressing almost all federal agencies, US courts and US military systems to the Internet, thus opening the American government to more Americans than ever before.On July 17, 1996, Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 - Federal Information Technology, instructs the heads of all federal agencies to make full use of information technology to make information from agencies readily accessible to the public. "
After two years of control of the Democratic Party, the Democratic Party lost control of Congress in the mid-term elections in 1994, for the first time in forty years.
The White House FBI file of the June 1996 controversy arose about improper access by the White House to FBI security clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Personnel Security Office, requested incorrectly, and received from the FBI, a background report file without soliciting permission from individuals; many of whom were employees of the previous Republican government. In March 2000, Independent Advisor Robert Ray stipulated that there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further states, "there is no substantial and credible evidence that senior White House officials are involved" in searching for files.
On 21 September 1996, Clinton signed the Marriage Law (DOMA) legislation, which defines marriage for federal purposes as one man's and one woman's legal union, which allows individual countries to refuse to recognize gay marriages conducted in the countries of the United States, other countries. Paul Yandura, speaking for the White House gay and lesbian office, said the signing of DOMA by Clinton "was a political decision they made at the time of re-election". To defend his actions, Clinton said that DOMA is an attempt to "stop attempting to post a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage to states", possibly describing it most likely in the context of a "highly reactive congress". Administrative spokesman Richard Socarides said, "the alternatives we know will be much worse, and it's time to move and get the president re-elected." Clinton himself stated that DOMA is something "held by the Republicans on a vote to try to get a basic vote for Bush, I think it is clear that something must be done to try to keep the Republican Congress from presenting it". Others are more critical. Gay veteran rights and gay marriage activist Evan Wolfson have called this claim "historical revisionism". In July 2, 2011, the editorial of The New York Times argued, "The Defense of Marriage Act came into force in 1996 as a matter of election year wedge, signed by President Bill Clinton in one of his worst policies. Ultimately, in the United States v. Windsor, US Supreme Court to attack DOMA in June 2013.
Despite DOMA, Clinton is the first president to elect gay people openly for administrative positions, and he is generally credited as the first president to publicly win gay rights. During his presidency, Clinton issued two rather controversial executive directives on behalf of gay rights, the first to lift a ban on security clearances for LGBT federal employees and a second prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the federal civilian labor force. Under Clinton's leadership, federal funding for HIV/AIDS research, prevention and treatment is more than doubled. Clinton also encouraged the passage of hate crimes law for gays and for private sector Non-Discrimination Law, which, supported by lobbying, failed to escape the Senate by a single vote in 1996. Advocacy on this issue, coupled with politics that did not popular nature of the gay rights movement at the time, led to enthusiastic support for elections and re-election by the Clinton Human Rights Campaign. Clinton came out for a gay marriage in July 2009 and urged the Supreme Court to annul DOMA in 2013. He was later honored by GLAAD for his previous pro-gay stance and reversal at DOMA.
The contribution of the 1996 United States financial campaign was an alleged attempt by the People's Republic of China to influence the domestic policy of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involve fund-raising practices of the government itself. The Chinese government denies all charges.
As part of the 1996 initiative to curb illegal immigration, Clinton signed the Immigration Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility (IIRIRA) on 30 September 1996. Appointed by Clinton, the US Commission for Immigration Reform recommends reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people per year to approximately 550,000.
Ken Gormley, author of the book The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr , reveals in his book that Clinton escaped possible murder in the Philippines in November 1996. During his visit to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Manila, while he was on his way to meet with a senior member of the Philippine government, Clinton was rescued from danger a few minutes before his motorcade was scheduled to pass a bridge loaded with timed improvised explosive devices (IEDs). According to officials, the IED is big enough to "blow up the whole presidential motorcade". Details of the plot were disclosed to Gormley by Lewis C. Merletti, former member of the Presidential and Secret Service protection details. Intelligence officers intercepted radio transmissions indicating that there was a wedding cake under the bridge. It reminds Merletti and others when the Clinton motorcade is scheduled to run over a large bridge in downtown Manila. Again, the word "marriage" is the code name used by terrorist groups for past assassination attempts. Merletti wants to change the motorcade route, but the alternate route will add forty-five minutes to the drive time. Clinton was furious, because he was late for the meeting, but following the advice of the secret service might save his life. Two other bombs were found in Manila earlier this week so the threat level on that day was high. Security personnel at Manila International Airport found several grenades and timers in the travel bag. Officials also found a bomb near the US naval base. The President is scheduled to visit both locations this week. An intensive investigation took place in the events in Manila and it was found that the group behind the bridge bomb was a Saudi terrorist group in Afghanistan known as al-Qaeda and its plot was masterminded by Osama bin Laden. Until now, these foiled attempted murders have never been published and remain secret. Only the highest members of the US intelligence community are aware of this event.
presidential election 1996
In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 per cent of popular votes for Republicans Bob Dole (40.7 per cent popular vote) and Ross Perot Reform candidate (8.4 per cent of the popular vote), becoming the first Democratic pethana since Lyndon B Johnson was elected for a second term and the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president more than once. The Republicans lost three seats in the House of Representatives and won two in the Senate, but retained control of both houses of the 105th Congress of the United States. Clinton received 379, or more than 70% of Electoral College votes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes.
Second term (1997-2001)
In a State of the Union speech in January 1997, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. Senator Ted Kennedy - a Democrat - and Orrin Hatch - a Republican - worked with Hillary Rodham Clinton and his staff in 1997, and successfully passed the law that established the nation's largest (successful) Children's Health Insurance Program) Reform health care in the Clinton Presidency years. That year, Hillary Clinton was shepherded through the Adoption Congress and the Family Safe Act and two years later she successfully helped pass the Foster Care Independence Act. He negotiated part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss associated with his age, and the time he spent as a musician in his youth. In 1999, Clinton signed the Law on the Modernization of Financial Services, also known as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which uprooted part of the Glass-Steagall Act which has banned banks from offering various investment, commercial banking and insurance services since enacted in 1933.
Impeachment and release
After the 1998 election, the House of Representatives interpreted Clinton, accusing false oaths and judicial barriers related to the Lewinsky scandal. Clinton is only the second US president to be impeached, after Andrew Johnson. The impeachment process is based on allegations that Clinton has lied illegally and covered his relationship with the 22-year-old White House (and later Department of Defense) employee Monica Lewinsky. After the Starr Report was submitted to the House of Representatives to provide what was termed "vital and credible information that Clinton's President Committed to Act Perhaps Form the Foundation for Redemption", the House began an impeachment trial against Clinton prior to the mid-term elections. To conduct an impeachment process, the Republican leaders called a lame duck session in December 1998.
While the House of Justice Committee hearing ends with a party-line voice, there is a live debate on the floor of the House. Two indictments passed in the DPR (mostly with Republican support, but with some Democratic votes as well) are for false oaths and obstruction of justice. The cost of perjury comes from Clinton's testimony before a grand jury held to investigate the false oath he may have made in his sworn denial during Jones v. Clinton, the sexual harassment lawsuit Paula Jones. The alleged obstruction is based on his actions to hide his relationship with Lewinsky before and after the deposition.
The Senate then freed Clinton on both charges. The Senate refused to meet to hold impeachment trials before the end of the long term, until the trial was held until the next Congress. Clinton is represented by Washington Williams & amp; Connolly. The Senate resolved twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with 55 Inheritance/45 Guilty on allegations of false oaths and 50 No Guilty/50 guilty of disruption of lawsuits. Both voices failed to meet the two-thirds majority Constitution requirement to punish and dismiss an office official. The last voting was generally along the party line, without the vote of the Democrats, and only a handful of innocent Republican voters.
On January 19, 2001, Clinton's legal license was suspended for five years after he admitted to a circuit court in Arkansas that he had prejudiced the administration of justice in the Jones case.
Forgiveness and substitution
Clinton controversially issued 141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001. Much of the controversy surrounds Marc Rich and allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother, Hugh Rodham, received payment in return for influencing the president's decision regarding. Federal prosecutor Mary Jo White was appointed to investigate the pardon of Kaya. He was later replaced by President James Comey, who found no fault on Clinton's side. Clinton's forgiveness remains a point of controversy.
Military and foreign events
Many military events occurred during the Clinton presidency. The Mogadishu battle took place in Somalia in 1993. During the operation, two US helicopters were shot down by rocket-propelled grenades into their tail rotor, catching troops behind enemy lines. This resulted in fighting in the city that killed 18 American troops, injured 73 others, and one other captive. There are many more victims of Somalis. Some American bodies are dragged through the spectacle that is broadcast on television news programs. In response, US troops were withdrawn from Somalia and then the conflict was approached with fewer troops on land. In 1995, US and NATO planes attacked Bosnian Serb targets to stop attacks on the UN safe zone and to pressure them into a peace agreement. Clinton deployed US peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to enforce the next Dayton Agreement.
In 1992, prior to his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy to Northern Ireland, but this was canceled to avoid any tension with the British government. In 1994, Clinton angered London by granting a visa to Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn FÃÆ' © ©, the IRA's political arm. In November 1995, Clinton became the first US President to visit Northern Ireland, seeing the two communities split over Belfast and later renowned as handams adams, a 14-month IRA truce during the Troubles. Despite trade union criticism, Clinton used this as a way to negotiate an end to violent conflict with London, Dublin, paramilitaries and other groups. Clinton went on to play a key role in the peace talks, which eventually led to the Good Friday Agreement in 1998.
In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US $ 131.8 million in settlement to stop a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the US at the International Court after the shooting down of Iranian Air Flight 655 by a US Navy missile cruiser..
Capturing Osama bin Laden has been the goal of the US government during Bill Clinton's presidency (and continues until bin Laden's death in 2011). Despite claims by Mansoor Ijaz and Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government has offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden and that the US authorities reject any offers, the 9/11 Commission reports that "we have not found reliable evidence to support Sudan's claim".
In response to the State Department's 1996 warning on bin Laden and the 1998 bombing of the US embassy in East Africa by al-Qaeda (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, both of whom not successful. In August 1998, Clinton ordered a cruise missile strike on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, targeting the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Sudan, allegedly helping bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camp in Afghanistan.
To stop ethnic and genocide cleansing of the Albanians by anti-guerrilla military units in the former Federal Republic of Germany, Yugoslavia, Clinton endorsed the use of the US Armed Forces in the NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, named Allied Operation Angkatan Allied. General Wesley Clark is the NATO Supreme Allied Commander and oversees the mission. With UN Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution put Kosovo under the UN administration and authorized peacekeepers to deploy to the region. NATO announced its soldiers all surviving battles, though two were killed in an Apache helicopter crash. Opinions in the popular press criticize the pre-war genocide claims by the Clinton administration as greatly exaggerated. In 2001, the UN-supervised Supreme Court of Kosovo ruled that genocide did not occur, but acknowledged "a systematic campaign of terror, including murder, rape, arson and severe maltreatment". The term "ethnic cleansing" is used as an alternative to "genocide" to show not only ethnic but ethnic killings but also displacement, although critics allege there is no difference. Slobodan Milo? Evi, the president of Yugoslavia at the time of atrocities, was finally brought to trial before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague on charges of crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes. Milo? Evi? died in 2006, before the completion of the hearing.
In the Clinton State of the Union Address, he warned Congress that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was building a chemical, biological and nuclear arsenal:
Saddam Hussein has spent the better part of this decade, and much of his country's wealth, not on the provision for the Iraqi people, but on the development of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and missiles to liberate them. The United Nations weapons inspectors have done a truly remarkable job, finding and destroying more Iraqi armaments rather than being destroyed during the Gulf war. Now, Saddam Hussein wants to stop them from completing their mission. I know I speak for everyone in this room, Republicans and Democrats, when I say to Saddam Hussein, "You can not oppose the will of the world," and when I say to him, "You have used weapons of mass destruction before, we are determined to refuse your capacity to use it again.
Seeking to weaken Hussein's powers in power, Clinton signed the Iraqi Freedom Act of 1998 into law on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of "regime change" against Iraq, although explicitly declared no direct intervention in that section. American military forces. The government then launched a four-day bombing campaign called Operation Wilderness Fox, which lasted from 16 to 19 December 1998. By the end of this operation, Clinton announced that "As long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. our allies, we must pursue a strategy to restrain him and limit weapons of mass extermination programs, while working on the eve of Iraq having a government willing to live peacefully with his people and with neighbors. " American and British aircraft in Iraq's no-fly zone attacked the hostile Iraqi air defense 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000.
Clinton's November 2000 visit to Vietnam was the first by a US president since the end of the Vietnam War. On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed the US-China Relations Act of 2000, which granted permanent normal trading status (PNTR) to the People's Republic of China. The President insists that free trade will gradually open China to democratic reforms. Clinton also oversaw the US economic boom. Under Clinton, the United States has a projected federal budget surplus for the first time since 1969.
Following initial successes like the early 1990s Oslo Agreement, which also led to the Jordan-Jordan peace agreement in 1994 and the Wye River Memorandum in October 1998, Clinton sought to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He brought in Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Palestinian Authority Yasser Arafat together at Camp David for Camp David Summit in July 2000, which lasted 14 days. Following the failure of the peace talks, Clinton declared Arafat "a loss of opportunity" to facilitate a "just and lasting peace". In his autobiography, Clinton blames Arafat for the collapse of the Summit. After another attempt in December 2000 at Bolling Air Force Base, where the president offered the Clinton Parameters, the situation was completely broken after the end of the Taba Summit and with the start of the Second Intifada.
Legal promise
Clinton appoints two top judges to the Supreme Court: Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 and Stephen Breyer in 1994.
Together with two Supreme Court appointments, Clinton appointed 66 judges to the US appeals court and 305 judges to the US district court. His lawsuit was the second in American history behind Ronald Reagan. Clinton also suffered a number of judicial prosecutions controversy, as 69 federal judge candidates did not receive a vote on the Republican-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee. Overall, 84% of the candidates are confirmed.
Sonia Sotomayor is one of the judges appointed by Clinton for the Court of Appeals. He was nominated by Clinton in 1997 to the Second Circuit. Sotomayor was confirmed in 1998, following a delay of more than a year caused by Republican opposition.
Clinton is the first president in history to appoint more female and minority judges than white male judges to federal courts. In his eight-year term, 11.6% of the Clinton appeals court and 17.4% of his district court candidates were black; 32.8% of the tribunal and 28.5% of the district court nominees are women. Clinton appointed the first African American judge to the Fourth Circuit (Roger Gregory) and the Seventh Circuit (Ann Claire Williams). Clinton also pointed to the first openly gay or lesbian federal judge when he named Deborah Batts to the US District Court for the Southern District of New York. Batts was confirmed by the Senate in a vote in 1994.
Public opinion
During Clinton's first term, his job approval ratings fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his ratings consistently ranged from the 50's to the 60's. After the impeachment process in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rank reached its highest point. According to a New York Times/CBS News/Clinton poll, Clinton left the office with a 68 percent approval rating, which matched Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ranking for presidents departing in the modern era. era. The rating of Gall Clinton's average Clinton poll approval for the final quarter was 61%, the highest quarter-final ranking the president has ever received in fifty years. Forty-seven percent of respondents identified themselves as Clinton supporters.
When he leaves the office, the CNN/USAI Today poll shows that 45 percent of Americans say they will miss him; 55 percent think he "will have something of value to contribute and must remain active in public life"; 68 percent think he will be remembered more because of his "involvement in a personal scandal" rather than "his accomplishments"; and 58 percent answered "No" to the question "Do you usually think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?" The same percentage says he will be remembered as "extraordinary" or "above average" as president, while 22 percent say he will be remembered as "below average" or "poor". ABC News marked a public consensus on Clinton as, "You can not trust him, he has weak moral and ethics - and he does a great job."
In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing the performance of Clinton's work with his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas in question. Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 show that Clinton is considered by 13 percent of Americans as the largest president in US history.
In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in the poll of the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute regarded American voters as the best president since World War II, making it the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan. The same polls show that only 3% of American voters regard Clinton as the worst president since World War II.
The 2015 poll by The Washington Post asked 162 scholars from the American Political Science Association to rank all US presidents in oversize order. According to their findings, Clinton was ranked eighth overall, with a 70 percent rating.
Public image
As the baby boomer's first president, Clinton was the first chief executive since Calvin Coolidge who did not live during World War II. Writers Martin Walker and Bob Woodward stated that Clinton's innovative use of voice bite dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigns are a major factor in high public approval ratings. When Clinton plays a saxophone at The Arsenio Hall Show, he is portrayed by some religious conservatives as "president of MTV". Opponents sometimes refer to it as "Slick Willie", a nickname that was first applied to him in 1980 by Pine Bluff Commercial journalist Paul Greenberg; Greenberg believes that Clinton abandoned the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such as Winthrop Rockefeller, Dale Bumpers and David Pryor. Claim "Slick Willie" will survive throughout his presidency. Standing at the height of 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), Clinton is tied to five others as the fourth highest president in the nation's history. His simple attitude made him nicknamed Bubba, especially in the South. Since 2000, he is often referred to as the "Big Dog" or "Big Dog". His main role in the campaign for President Obama during the 2012 presidential election and his widely publicized speech at the 2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican candidate Mitt Romney and Republican policy in detail, earned him the nickname "Explorer-in- Head".
Clinton withdrew strong support from the African American community and insisted that an increase in race relations would be the main theme of his presidency. In 1998, Nobel laureate Toni Morrison called Clinton "the first black president", saying, "Clinton features almost every trope of darkness: single-parent households, poor births, working class, saxophone games, McDonald's, and junk food-loving children man from Arkansas ". Morrison notes that Clinton's sex life is reviewed more than his career achievements, and he compares this to the standard stereotypes and double standards that blacks typically face. Many view this comparison as unjust and disparaging to both Clinton and the African American community in general. Clinton, a Baptist, has been open about his faith.
Shortly after Clinton took office, Richard Mellon Scaife, a conservative newspaper owner, organized a fundraising campaign to tarnish Clinton's image in the media. Leading the Arkansas Project, Scaife, and other colleagues sought a source in the state of Clinton, Arkansas, who would be willing to offer negative allegations against the president.
Sexually mistaken accusations
In 1994, Paula Jones started a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton, claiming that she made unwanted advances against him in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially rejected by Judge Susan Webber Wright on the grounds that he had no legal reward. Jones appealed against Webber Wright's verdict, and his lawsuit got traction following Clinton's confession to have an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998. In 1998, lawyer Paula Jones released a court document suspected of Clinton's sexual harassment when she became Governor of Arkansas.. Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's chief lawyer for the case, called the "lie package" and "organized campaign to obfuscate US President" campaign
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