Barbados

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Barbados ( Ã, ( listen ) or ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America. The length is 34 kilometers (21 miles) and up to 23 km (14 mi) wide, covering an area of ​​432 km ² (167 sq mi). The city is located in the western region of the North Atlantic and 100 km (62 miles) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; There, Barbados is to the east of the Windward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles, about 13 ° C at the equator. It is about 168 km (104 mi) east of both states Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 400 km (250 mi) northeast of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside the Atlantic hurricane belt. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown.

Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century, and before that by other Amerindians, Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators at the end of the 15th century and claimed for the Kingdom of Spain. It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511. The Portuguese visited the island in 1536, but they left it unclaimed, with their only remaining being the introduction of wild pigs to a good supply of meat every time the island was visited. The British ship, Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados in 1625; his men took it on behalf of King James I. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England, and became British and then British colonies. As a sugar-rich colony, it became the hub of African slave trade in England until it was banned in 1807, with the late slave emancipation in Barbados that took place over several years from 1833.

On 30 November 1966, Barbados became an independent state and the Commonwealth territory with the king of England (currently Queen Elizabeth II) as the hereditary head of state. It has a population of 284,996 people, mainly of African descent. Although classified as an Atlantic island, Barbados is considered part of the Caribbean, where it is classed as a leading tourist destination. Forty percent of tourists come from the UK, with the US and Canada forming the next big group of visitors to the island. In 2016, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the sixth Barbados in the Americas after Canada, the United States, Uruguay, Chile and the Bahamas.

Video Barbados

Etymology

The name Barbados is the Portuguese word Os Barbados or Spanish equivalent Los Barbados , both meaning "bearded ones". It is unclear whether the "beard" refers to the roots of a long bearded tree ( Ficus citrifolia ), the original island, or to the alleged bearded person, who had lived on the island, or, more fantastically, to impress visual beard formed by a sea foam sprayed on a remote reef. In 1519, a map created by Genoa mapmaker Visconte Maggiolo showed and named Barbados in the correct position. In addition, Barbuda Island in Leewards is very similar in name and has been renamed Las Barbuda by Spain.

It is uncertain which European country first arrived in Barbados. One of the lesser known sources shows works previously revealed ahead of contemporary sources that suggest it could be Spanish. Many do not believe most Portuguese, on their way to Brazil, were the first Europeans to come to the island.

The original name for Barbados in the Pre-Columbian era is Ichirouganaim according to reports by the original Arawakan descendants in other regional regions, with possible translations including "Red soil with white teeth", "Redstone Island with out teeth (reef) ", â € <â €

Barbarian's everyday language refers to their home island as "Bim" or other nicknames associated with Barbados including "Bimshire". Origin is uncertain but there are several theories. The National Cultural Foundation of Barbados says that "Bim" is a word commonly used by slaves and it is derived from the term Igbo bÃÆ' Â © m from bÃÆ' Â © m ?? which means 'my house, family, type', Igbo/Ig/Igbo phoneme is very close to [? ]. The name could have arisen because of the relatively large percentage of Igbo people who were enslaved from the modern southeast of Nigeria who arrived in Barbados in the 18th century.

The words 'Bim' and 'Bimshire' are recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary and Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionaries . Another possible source for 'Bim' is reported to be in Agricultural Reporter on 25 April 1868, where Pdt. N. Greenidge (father of one of the island's best-known scholars, Abel Hendy Jones Greenidge) suggested the Bimshire list as an area in England. It is explicitly named "Wiltshire, Hampshire, Berkshire and Bimshire". Finally, in Argosy Harian (Demerara, Guyana) in 1652 there is a reference to Bim as a possible corruption of 'Byam', the name of a Royalist leader against a member of Parliament. The source suggests that Byam's followers are known as 'Bims' and this is the word for all Barbadians.

Maps Barbados

History

Amerindian settlements in Barbados began around the 4th to 7th centuries, by a group known as Saladoid-Barrancoid. Arawak from South America became dominant around 800 AD, and maintained that status until about 1200. In the 13th century, Kalinago (Karib Island) arrived from South America.

Spanish and Portuguese briefly claim Barbados from the late 16th century to the 17th century. The Arawaks are believed to have fled to neighboring islands. In addition to the possibility of replacing the Karib tribe, the Spaniards and Portuguese made a small impact and left the island uninhabited. Some Arawak migrated from French Guiana (modern Guyana) in the 19th century and continue to live in Barbados.

In the early years (1620-1640s), most of the workforce was provided by European contract employees, mainly British, Irish and Scottish, with enslaved Africans and enslaved Amerindians providing little labor. During the Cromwellian era (1650s) it included a large number of prisoners of war, homeless and unlawfully kidnapped persons who were forcibly transported to the island and sold as servants. The last two groups are mostly Irish, as several thousand people are flooded by British merchants and sold to slavery in Barbados and other Caribbean islands during this period. The cultivation of tobacco, cotton, ginger and tilapia was thus handled mainly by European contract laborers until the start of the sugarcane industry in the 1640s and the increasing confidence and import of enslaved Africans. Persons persecuted from the Jewish faith during the inquisition also settled in Barbados. From British settlements and as Barbados's economic growth, Barbados retains the size of the first relatively large local autonomy as a colony of ownership and then a crown colony. House of Assembly began meeting in 1639. Among the prominent figures on the island was Sir William Courten of the Dutch-English.

Hurricane 1780 killed more than 4,000 people in Barbados. In 1854, a cholera epidemic killed more than 20,000 lives. On emancipation in 1833, the size of the slave population was about 83,000. Between 1946 and 1980, the rate of population growth of Barbados was reduced by a third because of emigration to the UK.

1627-1639

Early English settlement

The settlement was established as a proprietary colony and funded by Sir William Courten, a London City merchant who obtained titles to Barbados and several other islands. So the first colonists were actually tenants and profited a lot from their work back to Courten and his company.

The first British ship, which arrived on May 14, 1625, was captured by John Powell. The first settlement began on 17 February 1627, near what is now called Holetown (formerly Jamestown), by a group led by John Powell's sister Henry, who is made up of 80 settlers and 10 British workers. The latter are young contract workers who, according to some sources have been kidnapped, effectively make them slaves.

The title of Courten was transferred to James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, in what was called "Great Barbados Robbery." Carlisle then chose as governor Henry Hawley, who founded the House of Assembly in 1639, in an attempt to appease planters, who might oppose his controversial appointment.

In the period 1640-60, the West Indies attracted more than two-thirds of the total number of British emigrants to America. In 1650 there were 44,000 settlers in the West Indies, compared with 12,000 in Chesapeake and 23,000 in New England. Most British entrants are required. After five years of work, they are given "freedom dues" around? 10, usually in the form of goods. (Before the mid-1630s, they also received 5 to 10 hectares of land, but after that the island was filled and no more free land.) Around the time of Cromwell a number of rebels and criminals were also transported to it. Timothy Meads of Warwickshire was one of the rebels sent to Barbados at that time, before he received compensation for the 1000 acre land slavery in North Carolina in 1666. The parishes enlist from the 1650s show, for the white population, four times as many deaths as wedding. The mortality rate is very high.

Prior to this, the mainstay of the baby colony economy was the growth of tobacco exports, but tobacco prices eventually fell in the 1630s, when Chesapeake production expanded.

1640-1790

British civil war

Around the same time, the battles during the Three Kingdom Wars and the Interregnum spill over into Barbados and Barbados's territorial waters. The island was not involved in war until after the execution of Charles I, when the island government fell under the control of Royalis (ironically Governor Philip Bell remained loyal to Parliament while House of Assembly Barbadian, under the influence of Humphrey Walrond, supported by Charles II). To try to bring a recalcitrant colony to the heels, the Commonwealth Parliament passed an action on October 3, 1650 banning the trade between England and Barbados, and since the island was also traded with the Netherlands, further navigational action was passed to ban anything but the English ships trade with the Dutch colonies. These actions were the forerunner of the First Anglo-Dutch War. The British Commonwealth sent an invading army under the command of Sir George Ayscue, who arrived in October 1651. After some skirmishing, the Royalists in the House of Assembly led by Lord Willoughby surrendered. The conditions of surrender were incorporated into the Barbados Charter (Treaty of Oistins), signed at Mermaid's Inn, Oistins, on 17 January 1652.

Sugar cane

The introduction of sugar cane from the Brazilian Netherlands in 1640 completely changed society and economy. Barbados finally has one of the largest sugar industry in the world. One group that was instrumental in ensuring the early success of the industry was Sephardic Jews, who had originally been expelled from the Iberian peninsula, ending in the Netherlands of Brazil. As the effects of new plants increase, so does the shift in the ethnic composition of Barbados and the surrounding islands. A workable sugar plantation requires huge investments and lots of hard work. Initially, Dutch merchants supplied equipment, financing, and enslaved Africans, as well as transporting most of the sugar to Europe. In 1644 the population of Barbados was estimated at 30,000, of which about 800 were of African descent, with the remainder mostly of English descent. These small English farmers were finally bought and the island was filled with large sugar plantations done by enslaved Africans. In 1660 there was a short distance of 27,000 blacks and 26,000 white people. In 1666 at least 12,000 small farmers had been bought, died, or left the island. Many of the remaining white people are getting poorer. In 1680 there were 17 slaves for every required servant. In 1700, there were 15,000 free whites and 50,000 enslaved Africans.

Due to the increased implementation of the code of slavery, which creates a different treatment between Africans and white workers and the ruling planter class, the island is becoming increasingly unattractive to poor whites. The black or slave code was implemented in 1661, 1676, 1682, and 1688. In response to these codes, some slave rebellions were tried or planned during this time, but nothing worked. However, poor whites who have or have the means to emigrate often do so. Planters expanded their imports from enslaved Africa to plant sugar cane. One of the earliest advocates of slavery rights in Barbados was Quaker's preacher Alice Curwen in 1677: "For I am convinced that if those whom you call your slaves, be True to the Lord, the Almighty Lord will deliver them in a way you do not know, because nothing is liberated but in Christ Jesus, because all other Freedoms will prove, but Slavery. "

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Geography and climate

Barbados is located in the Atlantic Ocean, east of the other West Indies archipelago. Barbados is the easternmost island of the Lesser Antilles. It's flat compared to the island's neighbor to the west, Windward Islands. The island grows gently into the central highlands, with the high point of the nation being Mount Hillaby in the geological District of Scotland 340 m (1,120 ft) above sea level.

In Saint Michael's parish is the capital and main city of Barbados, Bridgetown. Other major cities scattered throughout the island include Holetown, in Saint James parish; Oistins, in the parish of Christ Church; and Speightstown, in St. Peter's parish.

Geology

Barbados is located on the border of South American Plate and Caribbean. Subduction of the South American plate under the Caribbean plate erodes sediments from the South American plate and deposits above the subduction zone forming the accretion prism. This deposit rate allows Barbados to rise at a rate of about 25 mm (1 per) per 1,000 years. This subduction means geologically this island consists of corals about 90Ã, (300Ã,ft) thick, where corals are formed on top of sediments. The slopes of land in a series of "terraces" in the west and into the slopes to the east. Most of the islands are encircled by coral reefs.

The limestone erosion on the island's northeast, in the Scottish District, has resulted in the formation of caves and trenches. On the east coast of the Atlantic island, coastal landforms, including piles, have been created due to limestone compositions in the area. Also famous on the island are the rocky cloaks known as Pico Teneriffe or Pico de Tenerife, named after the fact that the island of Tenerife in Spain is the first land east of Barbados in accordance with the beliefs of the locals.

Climate

The country generally has two seasons, one of which includes much higher precipitation. Known as the "rainy season", this period runs from June to November. In contrast, "dry season" runs from December to May. Annual rainfall ranges between 1,000 and 2,300 mm (40 and 90 inches). From December to May, average temperatures range from 21 to 31 ° C (70 to 88 ° F), while between June and November, the range is between 23 to 31 ° C (73 to 88 ° F).

On the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification scale, many Barbados is considered a tropical monsoon climate (Am). However, winds of 12 to 16 km/h (7 to 10 mph) are abundant throughout the year and give Barbados a pretty tropical climate.

Rare natural hazards include earthquakes, landslides, and hurricanes. Barbados is often spared the worst effects of tropical storms and storms in the region during the wet season. Its location in the south-eastern Caribbean region puts this country outside the main storm strike zone. On average, large storms strike once every 26 years. The last significant hit of the cyclone causing severe damage to Barbados was Hurricane Janet in 1955; in 2010 the island was attacked by Hurricane Tomas, but this only caused minor damage throughout the country.

Environmental issues

Barbados is vulnerable to environmental stress. As one of the most populous islands in the world, the government worked during the 1990s to aggressively integrate the island's southern shores to the Bridgetown Wastewater Treatment Plant to reduce the contamination of offshore coral reefs. In the first decade of the 21st century, a second processing plant has been proposed along the west coast of the island. Because the population is very crowded, Barbados has been trying hard to protect its underground springs.

As a limestone coral island, Barbados is very permeable to permeate surface water to the earth. The government has placed a great emphasis on the protection of water catchment areas that lead directly to large networks of aquifers and underground rivers. Sometimes illegal squatters have violated these areas, and the government has eliminated squatters to keep the underground springs clean that provide drinking water on the island.

The government has placed great emphasis on keeping Barbados clean with the aim of protecting the environment and preserving the offshore coral reefs that surround the island. Many initiatives to reduce human pressure in coastal areas of Barbados and the oceans come from the Coastal Management Unit (CZMU). Barbados has nearly 90 kilometers (56 miles) of coral reefs off the coast and two protected marine parks have been set up off the west coast. Overfishing is another threat facing Barbados.

Although across the Atlantic, and about 4,800 kilometers (3,000 miles) west of Africa, Barbados is one of the many places in the continent that have increased mineral dust levels from the Sahara Desert. Some very intense episodes of dust have been blamed in part because of the impact on coral reef health around Barbados or the asthmatic episode, but the evidence has not fully supported previous claims.

Wildlife

Barbados is host to four species of turtle fighting (green turtles, odds, hawksbill and leatherback turtles) and has the second largest breeding population in the Caribbean. Driving on the beach can destroy the nest buried in the sand and such activity should be avoided in the nesting area.

Barbados is also host to green monkeys. Green monkeys are found in West Africa from Senegal to the Volta River. It has been introduced to the Cape Verde Islands in northwest Africa, and the western Indian islands of Saint Kitts, Nevis, Saint Martin, and Barbados. It was introduced to the West Indies in the late 17th century when a slave trade ship traveled to the Caribbean from West Africa.

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Demographics

The 2010 national census conducted by the Barbados Statistical Bureau reports population populations of 277,821, of whom 133,018 are male and 144,803 are women.

The life expectancy for the people of Barbados in 2011 is 74 years old. The average life expectancy is 72 years for men and 77 years for women (2005). Barbados and Japan have the highest meditations per centita centenarian in the world.

The crude birth rate was 12.23 births per 1,000 people, and the crude death rate was 8.39 deaths per 1,000 people. The infant mortality rate is 11.63 infant mortality per 1,000 live births.

Ethnic group

Nearly 90% of all the people of Barbad (also known as "Bajan") are of Afro-Caribbean descent ("Afro-Bajans") and mixed breeds. The rest of the population includes the European group ("Anglo-Bajan"/"Euro-Bajans") mainly from England and Ireland, along with Asians, especially Chinese and Indians (both Hindus and Muslims). Other groups in Barbados include people from the UK, USA and Canada. Barbadians who return after years of living in the United States and children born in America to Bajan parents are called "Bajan Yankees", a term deemed offensive by some. Generally, Bajans recognize and accept all "island children" as Bajan people, and call each other that way.

The largest communities outside the Afro-Caribbean community are:

1. Indo-Guyana, an important part of the economy because of the growing immigrants from Guyana's partner country. There are reports of Indo-Bajan diasporas originating from Guyana and India beginning around 1990. Most of southern India and Hindu countries, they grow in size but are smaller than the equivalent communities in Trinidad and Guyana.
2. Euro-Bajans (4% of the population) have settled in Barbados since the 17th century, originating from England, Ireland and Scotland. In 1643, there were 37,200 white people in Barbados (86% of the population). More commonly they are known as "White Bajan People". Euro-Bajans introduced folk music, such as Irish music and Highland music, and certain place names, such as "Scotland", a mountainous area. Among the Barbarians there was a lower class known as the Redlegs; most of the descendants of Irish laborers and prisoners who were required to enter the island. Many also moved to become the earliest settlers in modern North and South Carolina in the United States.
3. The Chinese-Barbadians are a small part of the Asian demography of Barbados. Most if not all first arrived in the 1940s during the Second World War. Many Chinese-Bajans have the surnames of Chin, Chynn or Lee, although other surnames apply in certain areas of the island. Chinese food and culture become part of Bajan culture everyday.
4. The Lebanese and Syrians form the Arabian Barbadian community on the island, which is very Arab Christian. The Muslim Arab minority among Arab Barbadians makes up a small percentage of Barbados's Muslim minority population as a whole. The majority of Lebanese and Syrians arrive in Barbados through trade opportunities. Their numbers fell because of emigration to other countries.
5. The Jews arrive in Barbados right after the first settlers in 1627. Bridgetown is the home of the Nidhe Israel Synagogue, the oldest Jewish synagogue in America, dating from 1654, although the current structure was erected in 1833 replaced by the wind typhoon. 1831. The gravestone in the neighboring graveyards dates from the 1630s. Now under the care of the Barbados National Trust, the site was abandoned in 1929 but was rescued and restored by the Jewish community beginning in 1986.
6. The Muslim Barbadians of Indian origin are predominantly Gujarati's ancestors. Many small businesses in Barbados are run and operated by Muslim-Indian Bajan.

Language

English is the official language of Barbados, and is used for communications, administration, and public services throughout the island. In its capacity as the official language of the country, English standards tend to conform to similar vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, and conventions, but not exactly the same as English English.

Creole language based on English, referred to locally as Bajan , spoken by most of the Barbad people in everyday life, especially in informal settings. In its full form, Bajan sounds very different from the standard English that sounds on the island. The level of clarity between Bajan and English is common, for general English speakers, depending on the level of the vocabulary and the idiom in the kreetkan. A Bajan speaker may be completely incomprehensible to an English speaker from another country.

Religion

Most Africans of African and European descent are Christians (95%), the largest denomination is Anglican (40%). Other Christian denominations with significant followers in Barbados are the Catholic Church (run by the Roman Catholic Diocese), Pentecostals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Churches, and Spiritual Baptists. The Church of England is the official religion of the state until its demolition of the law by the Parliament of Barbados after independence.

Other religions in Barbados include Hinduism, Islam, BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ', Judaism and Wicca.

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Government and politics

Barbados has been an independent state since November 30, 1966. It serves as a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy modeled on the British Westminster system. United Kingdom and Barbadian - Queen Elizabeth II - is the head of state and is represented locally by the Governor-General of Barbados - currently Sandra Mason. Both are advised to the affairs of the country of Barbados by the Prime Minister of Barbados, who is the head of government. There are 30 representatives in the House of Assembly.

The Barbados Constitution is the supreme law of the nation. The Attorney General heads an independent tribunal. The New Story was passed by the Barbadian Parliament and required royal approval by the governor-general to become law.

During the 1990s on the advice of Patrick Manning of Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados sought to form a political union with Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. The project was halted after Barbados Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine Sandiford fell ill and his Democratic Labor Party lost the next election. Barbados continues to share close ties with Trinidad and Tobago and with Guyana, claiming the highest number of Guyana immigrants after the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.

Political culture

Barbados serves as a two-party system. The dominant political parties are the Democratic Labor Party and the ruling Barbados Labor Party. Since Independence on 30 November 1966, the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) ruled from 1966 to 1976; 1986 to 1994; and from 2008 to 2018; and the Barbados Workers' Party (BLP) also ruled from 1976 to 1986; 1994 to 2008; and from 2018 to the present. The Democratic Labor Party (DLP) government held an office with the unchallenged Prime Minister of Barbados to the Prime Minister of Barbados, Errol Barrow from 4 December 1961 to 3 November 1966; 3 November 1966 to 9 September 1971; and from 9 September 1971 to 2 September 1976; and again from 28 May 1986 until his sudden death at office on 1 June 1987 for the fourth Prime Minister of Barbados, Sir. Lloyd Sandiford with the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) government from June 1, 1987 to January 20, 1991; and from January 20, 1991 to September 6, 1994; The Barbados Workers' Party (BLP) held office with the unparalleled Prime Minister of Barbados, Tom Adams from 2 September 1976 to 18 June 1981; and from June 18, 1981 until his sudden death at office on March 11, 1985 to the unchallenged Prime Minister of Barbados, Sir. Harold St. John with the Barbados Workers' Party (BLP) government from 11 March 1985 to 28 May 1986; The Barbados Labor Party (BLP) held power from 6 September 1994 to 20 January 1999; January 20, 1999 to May 21, 2003; and from 21 May 2003 to 15 January 2008; the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) government held power with unrivaled Barbados Prime Minister David Thompson from January 15, 2008 until his death at office on October 23, 2010 for 7th Barbados Prime Minister Freundel Stuart with the Government Democratic Labor Party (DLP) from 23 October 2010 to 21 February 2013; and from 21 February 2013 to 24 May 2018 for elections to the new Barbados Workers' Party (BLP) government. All Barbados Prime Ministers, except Freundel Stuart, are held under the portfolio of the Ministry of Finance. The Barbados Workers' Party (BLP) government holds power with Barbados's current Prime Minister 8, Mia Mottley from May 24, 2018 to the present.

Foreign relations

Barbados is a full member and participates of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), CARICOM of the Single Market and Economy (CSME), and the Association of Caribbean States (ACS). Organization of American States (OAS), Commonwealth of Nations, and Caribbean Justice Courts (CCJ). In 2005, the Barbados Parliament voted an act to replace the British Judiciary Committee of the Advisory Council with the Caribbean Justice Court based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.

World Trade Organization, EC, CARIFORUM

Barbados is an original member (1995) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and actively participates in its work. It provides at least MFN treatment to all its trading partners. In December 2007, Barbados was linked by the Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Commission. The pact involves a sub-group of Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) from the African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries Group (ACP). CARIFORUM is the only part of the broader ACP-block that has completed a regional trade pact with the European Union.

Trade policy also seeks to protect a small number of domestic activities, mostly food production, from foreign competition, while recognizing that most domestic needs are best met by imports.

Double Taxation Relief Agreement (CARICOM) 1994

On July 6, 1994, at the Sherbourne Conference Center, St. Michael, Barbados, representatives of eight (8) countries signed the Treaty of Double Taxation (CARICOM) 1994. The countries represented are: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago.

On August 19, 1994, a representative of the Government of Guyana signed a similar agreement.

Europe

In 2013, CARICOM called on European nations to pay compensation for slavery and set up official reparations commissions.

Military

The Defense Force of Barbados has about 600 members. In it, children aged 12 to 18 form the Barbados Cafetari Corps. The preparation of the defense of the archipelagic state is closely linked to the defense treaty with Britain, the United States and the People's Republic of China.

Royal Barbados Police Force is the only law enforcement agency on the island of Barbados.

Administrative division

Barbados is divided into 11 parishes:

St. George and St. Thomas is in the middle of the country and is the only parish without a shoreline.

Human rights

Homosexual acts are illegal in Barbados and colonial-era laws bear life sentences; But the law is very rarely enforced.

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Economy

Barbados is the 53rd richest country in the world in terms of per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product), has a well-developed mixed economy, and a fairly high standard of living. According to the World Bank, Barbados is classified as part of 66 high-income countries in the world. A 2012 independent study along with the Caribbean Development Bank revealed 20% of Barbie people live in poverty, and nearly 10% can not meet their basic daily dietary needs.

Historically, Barbados's economy has relied on sugarcane cultivation and related activities, but since the late 1970s and early 1980s it has diversified into the manufacturing and tourism sectors. Foreign financial and information services have become important sources of foreign exchange, and there is a healthy light manufacturing sector. Since the 1990s, the Government of Barbados has been seen as business-friendly and economical. The island witnessed a construction boom, with the development and rebuilding of hotels, office complexes, and homes. This slowed during the 2008 economic crisis.

Harrison Cave and Welchman Hall Gully have been developed as tourist attractions.

The current government continues to reduce unemployment, encourage foreign direct investment, and privatize the remaining state-owned companies. Unemployment was reduced to 10.7% in 2003. However, it has since risen to 11.9% in the second quarter, 2015.

The economy contracted in 2001 and 2002 due to a slowdown in tourism, consumer spending and the impact of the September 11 attacks, but rebounded in 2003 and has shown growth since 2004. Traditional trading partners include Canada, the Caribbean Community (mainly Trinidad and Tobago) The United Kingdom and the United States.

Business relationships and investment flows have become substantial: in 2003 the island saw off Canada, a $ 25 billion investment in ownership, placing it as one of Canada's top five destinations for Canadian foreign direct investment (FDI). Businessman Eugene Melnyk from Toronto, Canada, is said to be one of Barbados's richest permanent residents.

It has been reported that 2006 was the busiest year of building construction in Barbados, as the island's explosion-building entered the final stage for several multimillion-dollar commercial projects.

The EU is helping Barbados with a EUR 10 million program to modernize the country's International Business and Financial Services Sector.

Barbados maintains the third largest stock market in the Caribbean region. In 2009, stock exchange officials are investigating the possibility of adding local exchanges to the International Securities Market (ISM) business.

Barbados's outstanding debt rose to $ 7.5 billion in May 2018 which is more than 1.7 times higher than the country's GDP. In June 2018 the government refused to pay coupons on Eurobonds due in 2035. Barbados's outstanding bonds payable totaled $ 4.4 billion.

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Health

All citizens of Barbados are protected by national health care. Barbados has more than twenty polyclinics nationwide alongside the main hospital of Queen Elizabeth (General Hospital) located in Bridgetown. In 2011, the Barbados Government signed a memorandum of understanding to lease the 22-hectare (8.9Ã, ha) Saint Joseph Hospital site to the American World Clinic based in Denver, Colorado. Under the deal, the group will use Barbados as one of its main destinations for medical tourism at the facility. The government also announced it would start building a new hospital worth $ 900 million to replace QEH.

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Education

The literacy rate of Barbados is ranked almost 100%. Barbados's main public education system was formed after the British model. The Barbados government spends 6.7% of its GDP on education (2008).

All young people in this country must go to school until the age of 16 years. Barbados has more than 70 elementary schools and over 20 secondary schools across the island. There are a number of private schools, including Montessori and International Baccalaureureate. Student enrollment in these schools represents less than 5% of total public school enrollment.

The country's undergraduate education is provided by Barbados Community College, Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytechnic, and the campus of the Cave Hill and Open Campus of the West Indies University. Barbados is also home to the University of Integrative Science, School of Medicine.

Education test

Barbados High School Entrance Examination: Children who are 11 years old but under 12 years old on September 1 in the year of the exam are required to write the exam as a means of allocation to secondary school.

The Caribbean Education Certificate (CSEC) Certificate is usually taken by students after five years of secondary school and marks the end of standard secondary education. The CSEC exam is equivalent to the Ordinary Level (O-Level) exam and is targeted at students 16 and older.

The Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (CAPE) are taken by students who have completed their secondary education and wish to continue their studies. Students who sit for CAPE usually have a CSEC or equivalent certification. CAPE is equivalent to the English Advanced Level (A-Levels), voluntary qualification intended for university entrance.

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Culture

The culture of Barbados is a fusion of West African, Creole, Indian and English cultures in Barbados. Citizens are officially called Barbadians. The term "Bajan" (pronounced BAY-jun) may come from the pronunciation of the Barbadian word, which can sometimes sound more like "Bar-bajan."

The largest carnival cultural event happening on the island is the Crop Over festival, which was founded in 1974. As in many Caribbean and other Latin American countries, Crop Over is an important event for many people on the island as well as thousands of tourists who flock to get there to participate in the annual event. The festival includes music competitions and other traditional activities, and features the majority of local calypso and soca music islands for this year. Barbadians men and women who harvest the most cane are crowned as King and Queen of plants. Crop Over will take place in early July and end with a costume parade on Kadooment Day, held on the first Monday of August. New calypso/soca music Usually released and played more often than possible to start the festival feeling.

Cuisine

Bajan cuisine is a mixture of African, Indian, Irish, Creole and English influences. Typical food consists of meat or fish main dishes, usually soaked with a mixture of herbs and spices, hot dishes, and one or more salads. Food is usually served with one or more sauces. Barbados national cuisine is Cou-Cou & amp; Flying Fish with spicy sauce. Other traditional food is "Pudding and Souse", pork dish marinated with seasoned sweet potatoes. A variety of seafood and meats are also available.

Mount Gay Rum visitor center in Barbados claims to be the world's oldest rum company, with a deed confirmed since 1703. Cockspur Rum and Malibu are also from the island. Barbados is home to Barbados's Brewery Banks, made by Banks Beer, pale beers, and Banks Amber Ale. The bank also makes Tiger Malt, a non-alcoholic malt drink. 10 Saints beer brewed in Speightstown, St. Peter in Barbados and 90 days old in Mount Gay 'Special Reserve' Rum casks. It was first brewed in 2009 and is available in certain Searchcom countries.

Music

In music, the nine-time Grammy Award winner, Rihanna (born in Saint Michael) is one of Barbados's most famous artists and one of the best-selling music artists of all time, selling over 200 million records worldwide. In 2009 he was appointed as the Young Ambassador and Honorary Culture to Barbados by Prime Minister David Thompson.

Singers-songwriters Rayvon and Shontelle, Cover Drive bands, Rupee musicians and Mark Morrison, the Top 10 hit singer "Return of the Mack" also came from Barbados. Grandmaster Flash (born Joseph Saddler in Bridgetown in 1958) is a very influential musician from the origins of Barbadian, DJing's hip-hop pioneer, cutting, and mixing in the 1970s in New York. The Merrymen is a popular band based in Barbados, Calypso, performing from the 1960s to the 2010s.

Public holidays

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Tourism

Like many other Caribbean islands, Barbados is famous for its turquoise waters and sandy beaches. Popular destinations include

• Harrison Cave - Opened in 1981, Harrison's cave is famous for its pure water.
• Flower Forest Park - in the village of Saint Joseph from Bloomsbury.
• Hillaby Hill - Hillaby, about 340 meters above sea level is the highest point in the mountains of the Eastern Caribbean.

Festival

There are a number of festivals held in Barbados in all seasons of the year.

Barbados Food and Wine Festival

Agrofest

Agrofest is an agricultural exhibition, where handicrafts and handicrafts of farmers are displayed. There are nearly 200 exhibits including bird shows, kitchen gardens, cattle and food for consumption on site, and are held annually in Bridgetown.

Oistins Fish Festival

Oistins Fish Festival has been held nearly 40 years, since 1977. They celebrate the fishing culture. The festival combines several activities such as fish bone contests, boat races, crabs and other attractions.

Holetown Festival

Sandy Lane Gold Cup

Gospelfest

Gospelfest is a Gospel and Christian festival accompanied by music, songs, and dances. It was held for two weeks in May.

Season Holders

Holders Season displays local and foreign performing arts. It was held in the theater in March and April for two or three weeks. Holders Season was established in 1993.

Reggae Festival

The Reggae Festival has been held for a week in April every year since 2014. There are several musical activities accompanied by popular local and international musicians.

Silver Rock'

Waterman Festival

The festival has brought a culture of fisheries and surfing together to create a coastal culture since 2000.

Run Barbados

Run Barbados long distance running feature.

Barbados Rally

The Barbados Rally consists of several motor sport activities. There are more than 100 local, regional and international competitors. The festival started with 30 local riders in 1990.

Barbados golf festival

Barbados Hockey Festival

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Sports

As in other Caribbean countries of British colonial heritage, cricket is very popular on the island. The West Indies cricket team usually includes some Barbados players. In addition to several warm-up games and six "Super Eight" games, the country hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup final. Barbados has produced many cricket players including Sir Garfield Sobers, Sir Frank Worrell, Sir Clyde Walcott, Sir Everton Weekes, Gordon Greenidge, Wes Hall, Charlie Griffith, Joel Garner, Desmond Haynes, and Malcolm Marshall.

Rugby is also popular in Barbados.

Horse races take place in Historic Savannah Garrison close to Bridgetown. Viewers can pay for entrance tickets to the stands, or watch races from public "rails", which include tracks.

Basketball is an increasingly popular sport, played in schools or colleges. The Barbados national team has shown some unexpected results because in the past it beat many much larger countries.

Polo is very popular among rich elites on the island and the Apes Hill Hill team "High-Goal" is based at St James's Club. It is also played in the land of the Personal Holder Festival.

In golf, the Barbados Open, playing at the Royal Westmoreland Golf Club, is the annual stop at the European Senior Tourors Tour from 2000 to 2009. In December 2006, the WGC World Cup took place at the country's Sandy Lane resort at Country Club course, a course of 18 -hole designed by Tom Fazio. Barbados Golf Club is another course on the island. It has hosted the Barbados Open on several occasions.

Volleyball is also popular, although volleyball is mainly played indoors.

Tennis is growing in popularity and Barbados is home to Darian King, currently ranked 270 in the world and is the second highest ranked player in the Caribbean.

Motorsports also plays a role, with the Barbados Rally going every summer and registered on the FIA ​​NACAM calendar. Also, the Bushy Park Circuit hosts the Race of Champions and the Global RallyCross Championship in 2014.

The presence of trade winds along with favorable waves makes the island's south end an ideal location for sailing waves (the extreme form of windsurfing sport).

Netball is also popular among women in Barbados.

Tim Barbados, The Flyin 'Fish, adalah Segway Polo World Champions 2009.

src: www.therealbarbados.com

Transport

Although Barbados is about 34 km (21 miles) across the widenest point, a car journey from Six Cross Roads in St. Philip (southeast) to North Point at St. Lucy (north-central) can take an hour and a half or longer due to road conditions. Barbados has half of the number of registered cars as citizens.

Transportation on the island is relatively easy with a "route taxi" called "ZRs" (pronounced "Zed-Rs") traveling to most points on the island. These small buses can sometimes be crowded, because passengers generally never back down regardless of the amount. They will usually take a more beautiful route to the destination. They generally depart from the capital city of Bridgetown or from Speightstown in the north of the island.

Including ZR, there are three bus systems that operate seven days a week (though less frequently on Sundays). There are ZR, yellow minibus and Bus Transport buses are blue. A lift in one of them costs BBD $ 2.00. The smaller buses of two privately owned systems ("ZR" and "minibus") can provide change; bigger blue buses from the government-operated Barbados Transport Council system can not, but provide receipts. Barbados Transportation Council bus travels on regular bus routes and scheduled schedules across Barbados. School uniformed schoolchildren include several free high school rides on government buses and $ 2.00 for ZR. Most routes require connections in Bridgetown. Barbados Transport Board headquarters is located at Kay's House, Roebuck Street, St. Michael, and the bus and terminal terminals are located at Fairchild Street Bus Station on Fairchild Street and Princess Alice Bus Terminal (formerly the Lower Green Bus Terminal at Jubilee Gardens, Bridgetown, St. Michael) at Princess Alice Highway, Bridgetown, St. Michael; Speightstown Bus Terminal in Speightstown, St. Peter; Oistins Bus Depot in Oistins, Christ Church; and Mangrove Bus Depot in Mangrove, St. Philip.

Some hotels also provide visitors with shuttles to places of interest on the island from outside the hotel lobby. There are several locally owned and operated rental agencies in Barbados but no multi-national companies.

The island's sole airport is the Grantley Adams International Airport. The airline receives daily flights by several major airlines from various points around the world, as well as some smaller regional carriers and charter airlines. The airport serves as a major air transport hub for the eastern Caribbean. In the first decade of the 21st century, the company experienced an increase and expansion of US $ 100 million in February 2003 until it was completed in August 2005.

There is also a helicopter shuttle service, which offers air taxi services to a number of sites around the island, especially in the West Coast tourist belt. Air and maritime traffic is governed by the Port Authority of Barbados. Private Luxury Helicopter Tours is located in Spencers, Christ Church next to the Barbados Concorde Experience when it opened in September 2007 and closed in April 2010. Bajan Helicopters opened in April 1989 and closed in late December 2009 due to the economic crisis and the recession facing Barbados.

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Famous people

• Sir Garfield Sobers, born in Bridgetown, is considered the world's leading cricketer in the 20th century.
• Singer Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born in Barbados on February 20, 1988.
• Obadele Thompson is a world class runner from Barbados; he won a bronze medal at the 2000 Olympics for a 100m sprint in Sydney.
• Ryan Brathwaite, a runner, reached the semi-finals of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Brathwaite also earned Barbados the first medal in the world championships in Berlin, Germany on August 20, 2009, when he won the men's 110 meters hurdles title.

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See also

• The Barbados Outline
• Barbados related article index

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References

src: www.oceantwobarbados.com

Further reading

• Burns, Sir Alan, History of the West Indies of England . London: George Allen and Unwin, 1965.
• Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Slavery: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World . New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBNÃ, 0-19-514073-7
• Frere, Samuel, Brief History of Barbados: From the First Discovery and the Solution, to the End of 1767. London: J. Dodsley, 1768.
• Gragg, Larry Dale, The English are transplanted: British Colonization of Barbados, 1627-1660 . Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBNÃ, 978-0199253890
• Hamshere, Cyril, English In The Caribbean . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.
• Newman, Simon P. New Work: Development of Slavery in the English Atlantic. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0812245196
• Northrup, David, ed. Atlantic slave trade, Second Edition . Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. ISBNÃ, 0-618-11624-9
• O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson, Undivided Empire: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean . Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. ISBNÃ, 978-0812217322
• Rogozinski, January 1999. A Brief History of the Caribbean: From Arawak and Careers to Now . A revised version, New York, USA. ISBNÃ, 0-8160-3811-2
• Scott, Caroline 1999. Barbados Guides Insights . Discovery Channel and Insight Guides; fourth edition, Singapore. ISBNÃ, 0-88729-033-7

Videography

• Video Overview - Barbados Tourism Investment Inc. (Courtesy of US Television).
• Videography on YouTube, by the Ministry of Energy and the Environment, under the Office of the Prime Minister.
• Sandy Lane Hotel, Barbados November 11, 2011, at Where in the World is Matt Lauer? , NBC Today Show .
• This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document "2003 edition".

src: theguide.com.br

External links

• Official website
• The official web page of Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Barbados
• The Parliament of Barbados official website
• Barbados Tourism Authority - Ministry of Tourism
• The Barbados Central Bank website
• Barbados Investment and Development Corporation
• Barbados Maritime Docks
• Museums & amp; Barbados; History Society

General information

• Barbados in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
• Wikimedia Atlas of Barbados

Source of the article : Wikipedia