A sniper is a military/paramilitary sniper that operates to maintain effective visual contact with the enemy and involves targets from hidden positions or at distances beyond their detection capabilities. Snipers generally have special training and are equipped with high-precision rifles and high-powered optics, and often return information to their command units or headquarters.
In addition to snipers and long-range shootings, military snipers are trained in a variety of tactical techniques: detection, stalking, and estimation methods of target range, camouflage, field craft, infiltration, special surveillance and observation, surveillance and target acquisition.
Video Sniper
Etymology
The verb "to snipe" dates back to the 1770s among British soldiers in India who referred to snipe firing, which is considered a challenging target for snipers. The noun "sniper" agent appeared in the 1820s. The term sniper was first proved in 1824 in the sense of the word "sniper".
The somewhat older term is a "sharp shooter", a calque of the 18th century German ScharfschÃÆ'¼tze , used in English newspapers in early 1801.
Maps Sniper
Modern battles
Military doctrine
Different countries use different military doctrines about snipers in military units, settings, and tactics.
Generally, the primary function of snipers in modern warfare is to provide detailed reconnaissance of hidden positions and, if necessary, to reduce enemy fighting ability by shooting high-value targets (especially officers and other key personnel) and in the process of clamping and demoralizing enemies. Common sniper missions include managing the intelligence information they collect during reconnaissance and surveillance, target acquisition for air and artillery attacks, helping combat troops working with fire support and sniper tactics, killing enemy commanders, choosing target opportunities, and even military destruction. equipment, which tends to require the use of anti-material weapons in larger caliber such as.50 BMG, such as Barrett M82, McMillan Tac-50, and Denel NTW-20.
Soviet and Russian military doctrines include squad level snipers. Snipers have been increasingly proven useful by US and British forces in Iraq's recent campaign in the role of fire assistance to cover the infantry movement, especially in urban areas.
Military snipers from the US, Britain and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are usually deployed in two sniper teams consisting of gunners and scouts. A common practice is for shooters and scouts to take turns to avoid eye fatigue. In the latest combat operations taking place in large populated cities, such as Fallujah, Iraq, two teams will be mobilized together to improve their security and effectiveness in urban environments. The sniper team will be armed with long range weapons and melee weapons in case of close contact contact.
The German doctrine of highly independent snipers and the emphasis on concealment, developed during the Second World War, has been most influential on modern sniper tactics, and is currently used throughout the Western military (for example special camouflage clothing, field masking and an emphasis on ' oeil).
Sniper Team
Sniper rifles are classified as crew-serviced, as is the term used in the United States military. The sniper team (or sniper cell ) consists of a combination of one or more shooters with power protection elements and support personnel: like spotter or flanker . In the Organization and Equipment Table for the US Army and the US Marine Corps, weapons operators have assistants trained to fulfill various roles, in addition to being qualified snipers in weapons operations.
Shooters firing shots while scouts assist in observing targets, atmospheric conditions and handling additional tasks as a direct security of their location, communication with others; including directing artillery fire and close air support. The job of the flanker is to observe areas that are not directly visible to the sniper or spotter and help with the perimeter and security behind the team, therefore flankers are usually armed with assault rifles or war rifles. Both spotter and flanker carry additional ammunition and related equipment.
Spies detect, observe, and set targets and hours for shooting. Using spotting scopes, scouts will also read the wind using physical indicators and mirages caused by heat on the ground. Also, along with the shooter, the scouts will make calculations for distance, angle shooting (tilted span), dot dot related counts, correction for atmospheric conditions and leads to moving targets. It is not uncommon for scouts to be equipped with notepad and laptop computers to perform this calculation.
Law enforcement applications
Law enforcement snipers, commonly called police snipers, and military snipers are different in many ways, including their areas of operation and tactics. Police snipers are part of police operations and usually take part in relatively short missions. Police forces usually use such snipers in hostage scenarios. This is different from the military snipers, who operate as part of a larger army, engaging in warfare. Sometimes as part of the SWAT team, police snipers are deployed with negotiators and the attack team is trained for close combat. As police, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; police snipers have a famous rule: "Prepare to take life to save lives." Sniper police usually operate at a much shorter range than military snipers, generally under 100 meters (109 yd) and sometimes even less than 50 meters (55 y). Both types of snipers make difficult shots under pressure, and often shoot once.
Unsupported police units for tactical operations may depend on special SWAT teams, who may have special snipers. Several police sniper operations began with military assistance. Police snipers are placed in profitable places, such as tall buildings, can provide security for the event. In one high-profile incident, Mike Plumb, a SWAT sniper in Columbus, Ohio, prevents suicide by firing a gun from someone's hand, leaving it unscathed.
The need for special training for police snipers was made clear in 1972 during the Munich massacre when German police were unable to deploy special personnel or equipment during the deadlock at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all Israeli hostages were killed. While German soldiers had snipers in 1972, the use of sniper soldiers in the scenario was unlikely due to a clear German constitutional ban on military use in domestic matters. The lack of trained snipers who can be used in civilian roles is then dealt with by the establishment of a special police counter-terrorist unit GSG 9.
Sniper kill killed the longest
The longest confirmed sniper killer in battle was reached by a member of Canada's JTF2 special forces in June 2017 at a distance of 3,540 m (3,871 yd).
Previous record holder is Craig Harrison, Horse Corporal (CoH) in Blues and RHG/D Royal Army Royals UK. In November 2009, Harrison attacked two Taliban machine gun rifles sequentially south of Musa Qala in Helmand Province in Afghanistan at 2,475 m (2,707 yd) or 1.54 miles using the L115A3 Long Rifle. The Quau software of Qua Lapua QTU, using the continuous doppler barrier coefficient data (C d ) provided by Lapua, predicts that 2,475 m (2,707 yd) shot will likely reach its target after almost 6.0 seconds of flight time , losing 93% of their kinetic energy, retaining 255 m/s (840 ft/s) of the original speed of 936 m/s (3,070 ft/s), and after dropping 121.39 m (398 ft 3 in) or 2.8 Â ° from the original bore line. Due to the extreme distance and travel time involved, even a light breeze of 2.7 m/s (6.0 mph) will divert a shot like that 9.2 m (360 in) from the target, which will require compensation.
This calculation assumes the bonfire scenario (the situation in which the shootings and target position are at the same height), utilize the high-pressure British military. 338 Lapua Magnum cartridges, loaded with 16.2 g (250 gr) Lapua LockBase B408 bullets, fired at a muzzle velocity of 936 m/s (3,071 ft/dt) under atmospheric conditions in place (on average): barometer pressure: 1,019 hpa (30.1 inHg) at sea level equivalent or 899Ã, hPa (26.5 inHg) in place, humidity: 25.9%, and temperature: 15Ã, Â ° C (59Ã, Â ° F) in the region for November 2009, generate air density? = 1.0854 kg/m 3 at an altitude of 1,043 m (3,422 feet) from Moses Qala. Harrison said in a report that his environmental conditions were perfect for long-range shooting, "... no wind, moderate weather, clear visibility." In an interview with the BBC, Harrison reported that it took nine shots for him and his visionaries to reach the target successfully.
Military history
Prior to the development of rifling, firearms were smoothbore and inaccurate remotely. Barrel rifling was discovered at the end of the 15th century, but only used in large cannons. Over time, rifling, along with other cannon advances, has improved the performance of modern firearms.
Initial history
Early forms of sniping or firing skills were used during the American Revolutionary War. For example, in 1777 at the battle of Saratoga, the colonists hid in the trees and used early-model rifles to shoot the British officers. In particular, Timothy Murphy shot and killed General Simon Fraser from Balnain on 7 October 1777 at a distance of about 400 meters. During the Brandywine Battle, Captain Patrick Ferguson had a high and distinguished American officer in his iron rifle scenes. Ferguson did not take aim, because the officer had his back to Ferguson; Only then did Ferguson know that George Washington had been on the battlefield that day.
A special marking unit was established during the Napoleonic Wars in the British Army. While most troops at the time were using inaccurate subtle rifles, the English "Green Jacket" (named for their distinctive green uniforms) used the famous Baker rifle. Through a combination of clumps of skin and a strong groove on the inside of the barrel (rifling), this weapon is much more accurate, though slower to load. These shooters were the British Army elite, and served in the forefront of every engagement, most often in combat formation, searching and postponing enemies. Another term, "sharp shooter" was used in British newspapers in early 1801. In Edinburgh Advertiser, June 23, 1801, the following quotation can be found in an article on the North English Militia; "This regiment has several Field Pieces, and two Sharp Shooters companies, which are indispensable in the modern Stile of War". This term appeared earlier, around 1781, on the Continent of Europe, translated from ScharfschÃÆ'¼tze Germany.
The first sniper rifle
The Whitworth rifle is arguably the world's first long-range sniper rifle. A muzzleloader designed by Sir Joseph Whitworth, a leading British engineer, is used as a polygonal binder, meaning that projectiles do not have to bite the grooves as they do with conventional rifling. The Whitworth rifle is much more accurate than Enfield's 1853 Pattern, which has shown some weaknesses during the recent Crimean War. In a trial in 1857 that tested the accuracy and range of both weapons, Whitworth's design outperformed Enfield at a rate of about three to one. Whitworth's rifle is capable of reaching the target in the 2,000-yard range, while Enfield can only manage it at 1,400 meters.
During the Crimean War, the first optical sight was designed to fit the rifle. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D. Davidson, using the optical objects produced by Chance Brothers of Birmingham. This allows snipers to observe and target objects more accurately at longer distances than before. The telescopic view, or scope, was initially fixed and not adjustable, thereby limiting its range.
Despite his success at the trial, the rifle was not adopted by the British Army. However, the Whitworth Rifle Company was able to sell the weapon to French soldiers, as well as to the Confederates during the American Civil War, where both Union and Confederate forces used snipers. The most important incident was during the Battle of the Spotsylvania Court House, where on 9 May 1864, Union General John Sedgwick was killed by the Whitworth Confederate snipers at a distance of about 1,000 yards (910 meters) after saying the enemy "could not hit an elephant at this distance ".
Second Boer War
During the Boer War, guns loaded with new content with magazines and smokeless powders were used by both parties. Britain is equipped with the Lee-Metford rifle, while Boer has received the latest Mauser rifle from Germany. In the open field of South Africa, snipers are an important component of the battle.
The first British sniper unit began life as Lovat Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment established in 1899, which received high praise during the Second Boer War (1899-1902). This unit was formed by Lord Lovat and reported to an American, Maj. Frederick Russell Burnham, Chief Scout of the British Army under Lord Roberts. Burnham correctly described this scout as "half wolf and half rabbit". Just like their Boer thug opponents, this scout is well practiced in the art of shooting skills, field craftsman, map reading, observation, and military tactics. They are skilled carpenters and wisdom practitioners: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day." They are also the first military unit known to wear the ghillie suit. Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard told them that "stronger men never live", and that "Burnham is the greatest spy in our day." Burnham distinguishes himself in wars in South Africa, Rhodesia, and in Arizona against Apache, and his definitive work, Scouting on Two Continents, provides a dramatic and enlightening picture of what a sniper is and how he operates.
After the war, the regiment officially became the first official sniper unit, later known as a sniper.
World War I
During World War I, snipers emerged as deadly snipers in the trenches. At the beginning of the war, only the German Empire had troops fired from scaly sniper rifles. Although the snipers were on all sides, the Germans specially equiped some of their soldiers with winged rifles that could take enemy soldiers who showed their heads out of their trenches. At first the French and the British believed that such hits were a blow to chance, until the German rifles were found. During World War I, the German army received a reputation for the iniquity and efficiency of the snipers, in part because of the high-quality lenses that the German industry could produce.
Soon British soldiers begin to train their own snipers at sniper-only schools. Major Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard was given official permission to begin sniper training in 1915, and founded the First School of Embalming, Observation and Scouting in Linghem in France in 1916. Starting with the first class only six, in time he was able to give a talk to a large number of soldiers from different Allied nations, proudly proclaimed in a letter that his school issued snipers three times that of any other school in the world.
He also found a double-plated metal slit that would protect the sniper scouts from enemy fire. The front gap has been fixed, but the back is affixed with a metal shutter that slides in the curve. Only when the two slits are lined up - chances one to twenty - can an enemy shoot between them. Another innovation is the use of a doll's head to find the location of an enemy sniper. Figures papier-mÃÆ' Â ¢ chÃÆ' Â © painted to resemble soldiers to attract sniper fire. Some are equipped with a rubber surgical tube so that the doll can "suck" a cigarette and thus look realistic. Holes penetrated in puppets by enemy sniper bullets can then be used for triangulation purposes to determine the position of the enemy snipers, which can then be attacked with artillery fire. He developed many modern techniques in sniping, including the use of spotting spots and working in pairs, and using Kim's Game to practice observation skills.
In 1920, he wrote his story of his war time activity in his book Sniping in France, whose reference is still made by modern writers on the subject.
The main sniper rifles used during the First World War were Mauser Gewehr 98 Germany; English Pattern 1914 Enfield and Lee-Enfield SMLE Mk III, Canada Ross Rifles, M1903 Springfield America, and M1891 Mosin-Nagant Russia.
World War II
During the interbellum, most countries dropped their special sniper units, especially the Germans. The effectiveness and dangers of snipers once again came to the fore during the Spanish Civil War. The only country that had a specially trained sniper unit during the 1930s was the Soviet Union. Soviet snipers are trained in their skills as snipers, in using fields to hide from enemies and the ability to work with regular forces. This made Soviet sniper training more focused on "normal" battle situations compared to other countries.
Snipers reappear as an important factor on the battlefield of the first campaign of World War II. During the German campaign of 1940, it appears that the French and British snipers who are alone and hidden can stop Germany's progress for a long time. For example, during a pursuit to Dunkirk, British snipers can significantly delay the progress of the German infantry. This prompted Britain once again to improve the training of special sniper units. Regardless of shooting expertise, British snipers are trained to blend with the environment, often by using special camouflage clothing for concealment. However, since the British Army offered specialized sniper training for non-commissioned officers and officers, a small number of well-trained snipers produced in combat units greatly reduced their overall effectiveness.
During the Winter War, Finnish snipers took many victims of the invading Soviet army. Simo HÃÆ'¤yhÃÆ'¤ is credited with 505 confirmed victims, mostly with the Finnish version of Mosin-Nagant's twist-iron winding action.
One of the most famous battles involving snipers, and the battles that made Germany restore their special sniper training, is the Battle of Stalingrad. Their defensive position inside a town full of debris meant that the Soviet snipers were able to inflict significant casualties on the Wehrmacht forces. Due to the nature of the battle in the city rubble, snipers are very hard to spot and completely undermine the morale of German attackers. The most famous of these snipers is probably Vasily Zaytsev, featured in the War of the Rats novel and the next film Enemy At The Gates.
German ScharfschÃÆ'¼tzen was prepared before the war, equipped with Carabiner 98 and then Gewehr 43 rifles, but often not enough of these weapons were available, and therefore some armed with spears captured by Mosin-Nagant 1891/30, SVT or the Czech Mauser rifle. Wehrmacht re-established its sniper training in 1942, drastically increasing the number of snipers per unit by the creation of 31 additional sniper training companies in 1944. German snipers at the time were the only snipers in the world to be issued with sniping made with purpose. ammunition, which is known as round-shooter effect. The round-effect 'shooter' sS displays an extra carefully measured propellant charge and sits a heavy-tailed 12-gram (198 gr) boat-tailed projectile skeleton construct grade quality, less ordinary features such as seat rings to increase coefficients high ballistic, 0.584 (G1) further. To target the optics, German snipers use the Zeiss Zielvier 4x (ZF39) telescope which has compensated for a drop in bullets with a 50 m increase for ranges from 100 m to 800 m or in some variations from 100 m to 1000 m or 1200 m. There are ZF42, Zielfernrohr 43 (ZF 4), Zeiss Zielsechs 6x and other telescope sights by various manufacturers such as Ajack 4x, Hensoldt Dialytan 4x and 4x Heliavier Kahles with similar features used on German sniper rifles. Some of the different mountings produced by various manufacturers are used for optical mounting that leads to the rifle. In February 1945, ZielgerÃÆ'¤t 1229 active infrared aims device was ejected for night sniping with the assault rifle StG 44.
A total of 428,335 people received Red Army sniper training, including Soviet and non-Soviet partisans, with 9,534 receiving 'higher qualifications'. During World War, two six-month training courses for women alone trained nearly 55,000 snipers, of which over two thousand were then stationed in the army. On average there were at least one sniper on one infantry platoon and one in each reconnaissance court, including in tanks and even artillery units. Some use PTRD anti-tank rifles with customized scope as early examples of anti-material rifles.
In the United States Armed Forces, sniper training is only very basic and mainly deals with the ability to achieve long distance targets. Snipers are required to hit the body more than 400 meters, and head over 200 meters. There is almost no instruction in mixing into the environment. Sniper training varies from place to place, resulting in wide variations in sniper quality. The main reason the US did not extend the sniper training beyond long-range shooting was the limited deployment of US troops until the Normandy Invasion. During campaigns in North Africa and Italy, most of the fighting took place in dry and mountainous areas where the potential for concealment was limited, in contrast to Western and Central Europe.
The lack of US Army familiarity with sniping tactics proved disastrous in Normandy and a campaign in Western Europe where they met a well-trained German sniper. In Normandy, German snipers remain hidden in dense vegetation and are able to surround American units, firing at them from all sides. American and British troops were surprised by how closely German snipers could approach safely and attack them, as well as by their ability to reach targets of up to 1,000m. An important mistake made by inexperienced American soldiers is to lie and wait when targeted by German snipers, allowing snipers to take them one after the other. German snipers often infiltrate Allied lines and sometimes when the front line moves, they keep fighting from their firing positions, refusing to surrender until their rations and ammunition runs out.
The tactic is also a consequence of the change in German registration. After several years of war and huge losses on the Eastern Front, the German army was forced to rely more on enlisting the juvenile army. Due to the lack of training in more complex group tactics, and thanks to the shotgun training provided by Hitlerjugend, the soldiers were often used as an autonomous left sniper. While experienced snipers will take some deadly shots and retreat to safer positions, the youngsters, for ignoring their own security and lack of tactical experience will often remain in a hidden position and fight until they run out of ammunition or get killed or injured. While this tactic generally ended with the death of the sniper, giving rise to the nickname "Suicide Boys" given to the soldiers, this irrational behavior proved quite disturbing the progress of the Allied forces. After World War II, many elements of German sniper training and doctrine were copied by other countries.
In the Pacific War, the Japanese Empire trained snipers. In the forests of Asia and the Pacific Islands, snipers pose a serious threat to US, British and Commonwealth troops. Japanese snipers are specially trained to use the environment to hide themselves. Japanese snipers use leaves on their uniforms and dig out hidden hideouts that are often associated with small trenches. No long-distance accuracy is necessary because most of the battles in the forest occur within a few hundred meters. Japanese snipers are known for their patience and ability to remain hidden for long. They hardly ever leave their carefully disguised hiding places. This means that whenever a sniper is in the area, the sniper's location can be determined after the sniper fires multiple shots. Allies use their own snipers in the Pacific, especially US Marines, who use Springfield M1903 rifles.
Common sniper rifles used during the Second World War include: Soviet M1891/30 Mosin-Nagant and, to a lesser extent, SVT-40; Mauser Karabiner 98k and Gewehr 43 Germany; English Lee-Enfield No. 4 and Pattern 1914 Enfield; Japanese Arisaka 97; American M1903A4 Springfield and M1C Garand. The Italians trained some snipers and supplied them with the Carcano Model 1891.
Training
The military sniper training aims to teach a high level of proficiency in camouflage and concealment, surveillance, observation and map reading as well as precision shooting skills under various operational conditions. Trainees usually shoot thousands of rounds for several weeks, while learning this core skill.
Snipers are trained to push the trigger directly with their finger ball, to avoid jerking the gun to the side. The most accurate position is vulnerable, with a sandbag that supports stock, and a cheek piece of stock against the cheek. In the field, bipod can be used instead. Sometimes a carrier is wrapped around a weak arm (or both) to reduce the movement of the stock. Some doctrines train snipers to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their lungs empty as they line up and take their shots. Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel movement.
Accuracy
The key to sniping is accuracy, which applies to weapons and shooters. The weapon must be able to consistently put shots in tight tolerance. Snipers in turn must use weapons to accurately place shots under various conditions.
Snipers must have the ability to accurately predict the various factors affecting the bullet trajectory and impact points such as: range to target, wind direction, wind speed, altitude and sniper height and target and ambient temperature. Errors in estimation of long-range compounds and can reduce lethality or cause shots to be missed completely.
Snipers zero their weapons at target range or in the field. This is the process of adjusting the scope so that bullet points are located at the point (the center of the scope or cross-hair sphere) for a certain distance. The rifle and scope should maintain zero as long as possible in all conditions to reduce the need to return zero during the mission.
Sandbags can serve as a useful platform for shooting sniper rifles, although a soft surface such as a backpack will stabilize the rifle and contribute to consistency. In particular, the bipod helps when firing from a prone position, and allows the shooting position to be maintained for long periods of time. Many police and military sniper rifles are equipped with adjustable bipods. The makeshift bipod known as a shooting stick can be built from objects such as tree branches or ski poles.
Distance and accuracy vary depending on the cartridge and the type of special ammunition used. The general range for common battlefield cartridges is as follows:
AS. military
Volunteers volunteer for rigorous sniper training and are accepted on the basis of their abilities, physical abilities, firing skills, patience and mental stability. Military snipers can be further trained as advanced air controllers (FACs) to direct air strikes or forward observers (FOs) to direct artillery or mortar fire.
Russian Army
From 2011, the Russian armed forces have run a newly developed sniper course at the district military training center. In the practice of Soviet sharpshooters especially the squad, who were often appointed during the initial training (and among them only a few became snipers per se ), the "new" snipers soldiers had to be trained intensively for 3 months conscription) or longer (for the contract army). The training program includes the theory and practice of countersniper involvement, artillery spots and air support coordination. The first instructor is a graduate of Solnechnogorsk sniper training center.
The method of sniper deployment, according to the Ministry of Defense, is likely to become one of the three-platoon companies at the brigade level, with one platoon acting independently and the other two supporting the necessary battalions.
Targeting, tactics, and techniques
Discovery range
Reach to the target is measured or predicted exactly as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes really important over long ranges, as the bullet goes with a curved trajectory and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances. If the exact distance is unknown, the sniper may provide the wrong compensation and the bullet path may be too high or low. For example, for typical military sniping cartridges such as 7.62ÃÆ'â € "51mm NATO (.308 Winchester) M118 Special Ball, this round of difference (or" drop ") from 700 to 800 meters (770-870Ã, yd) is 200 millimeters 7.9 Ã, in). This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimates a distance of 700 meters when the target is actually 800 meters, the bullet will be 200 millimeters lower than expected upon reaching the target.
Laser rangefinders can be used, and range estimates are often the work of both parties in the team. One useful method for finding a laserless range is to compare the height of the target (or the nearest object) to its size on a mil dot scope, or to take a known distance and use some sort of measurement (power poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human head is 150 millimeters (5.9 inches) wide, the average human shoulder is 500 millimeters (20 inches) apart and the average distance from one's pelvis to the top of their head is 1,000 millimeters (39 inches).
To determine the range to the target without laser rangefinder, the sniper can use the dot reticle miles on the scope to accurately locate the range. Mil dots are used like slide rules to measure the height of the target, and if the altitude is known, the range can also be. The target height (in meters) ÃÆ'â € "1000, divided by the target height (in miles), gives the range in meters. This is only in general, however, due to both magnification of the scope (7ÃÆ'â €, 40ÃÆ'â € ") and the change of miles dot distance. The USMC standard is that 1 mile (ie, 1 milliradian) equals 3,438 MOAs (arc minutes, or, equivalent, minutes from angles), while the US Army standard is 3.6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard at a distance of 1,000 yards (or its equivalent, 1 meter in diameter at a distance of 1 kilometer.) Many commercial manufacturers use 3.5, share the difference, because it is easier to work with.
It is important to note that the angular mile ( mi ) is only an estimate of different miliradians and organizations using different approaches.
In the longer span, the decline of the bullet played an important role in targeting. The effect can be estimated from the graph, which may be memorized or affixed to the rifle, although some scopes are equipped with the Bulletstorm Bullet (BDC) Bulletin system which requires only the range to be contacted. This is customized for both special gun classes. and special ammunition. Each type of bullet and load will have different ballistics..308 Federal 175 grain (11.3 g) BTHP match fired at 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s). With a speed of 100 yards (100 m), a 16.2 MOA adjustment must be made to reach the target at a distance of 600 yards (500 m). If the same bullet is fired with 168 grains (10.9 g), a MOA 17.1 adjustment will be required.
Shooting uphill or down is puzzling to many people because gravity does not act perpendicular to the direction of traveling bullets. Thus, gravity must be divided into its component vectors. Only the fraction of gravity equal to the cosine of the angle of fire with respect to the horizon affects the rate of falling of the bullet, with the rest adding or reducing the negligible speed to the bullets along its course. To find the right zero, the sniper multiplies the actual distance to the range with this fraction and aims as if the target is remotely. For example, a sniper observing a target of 500 meters at a 45-degree angle would double the range by a 45-degree cosine of 0.707. The resulting distance will be 353 meters. This number equals the horizontal distance to the target. All other values, such as windage, time-to-target, impact velocity, and energy will be calculated based on the actual range of 500 meters. Recently, a small device known as a cosine indicator has been developed. The device is clamped to the telescopic tubular body, and gives an indicative reading in numerical form as the rifle is directed up or down on the target. This translates to the number used to calculate the horizontal range to the target.
Windage plays an important role, with the effect of increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The convection slope seen near the ground can be used to estimate cross marks, and improve the point of destination. All adjustments for range, wind and elevation can be done by aiming at targets, called "in control" or Kentucky windage. Or, the scope can be adjusted so that the destination point is changed to compensate for these factors, sometimes referred to as "incoming calls". Shooters must remember to return the scope to zero position. Adjusting the scope allows for more accurate shooting, since cross-hairs can be aligned with targets more accurately, but the sniper must know exactly what different changes will occur at the crash point in each target range.
For a moving target, the destination point is in front of the target in the direction of movement. Known as the "lead" target, the amount of "lead" depends on the speed and angle of the target movement as well as the distance to the target. For this technique, holding more is the preferred method. Anticipating the target behavior is necessary to accurately place the shot.
Hide site and hidden techniques
The term "hide a site" refers to the closed and hidden position from which a sniper and his team can take surveillance or shoot to the target. A good hide hides and disguises snipers effectively, provides protection from enemy fire and allows a wide view of the surrounding area.
The main goal of the ghostie suit and hide site is to break someone's outline with a rifle.
Many snipers use the ghillie suit to hide and hide. Jas Ghillie varies according to the terrain in which snipers want to blend. For example, in dry grasslands, snipers will usually wear a ghostie suit that is covered in dead grass.
Portrait placement
The placement of the image, which on the sniper's body leads, varies with the type of sniper. Military snipers, who generally do not shoot at targets of less than 300 m (330 m), usually try body shots, aim to the chest. This shot depends on tissue damage, organ trauma, and blood loss to kill soldiers. Body shots are used because the chest is a bigger target.
Sniper police, who generally shoot at shorter distances, may try a more precise shot on a particular body part or device: in one incident in 2007 in Marseille, a GIPN sniper took a shot from 80 m (87 y) in the gun a police officer threatened to commit suicide, destroyed weapons and prevented police officers from killing themselves.
In high-risk situations or hostage-taking in which a suspect threatens to kill a hostage, a police sniper may take a head shot to ensure instant killing. The snipers aim for the medulla oblongata to cut the spine from the brain. While it is believed to prevent the target from reflexively firing their weapons, there is evidence that any brain attack is sufficient.
Acquisition target
Snipers are trained to detect, identify, and locate a targeted soldier in sufficient detail to enable the effective work of deadly and non-lethal means. Since most of the killing in modern warfare is a weapon the crew serves, surveillance is one of the most effective use of snipers. They use their aerobic conditioning, infiltration skills and excellent remote observation equipment (optical scope) and tactics to approach and observe enemies. In this role, their rules of engagement usually let them shoot at high-value opportunity targets, such as enemy officers.
The targets may be high-value personnel or equipment (military and weapon equipment) but most often they target the most important enemy personnel such as officers or specialists (eg communication operators) resulting in maximum disruption to enemy operations. Other personnel they may target include those who pose a direct threat to snipers, such as dog handlers, who are often employed in sniper searches. Snipers identify officers with their appearances and behaviors such as a symbol of rank, talk to radio operators, sit as passengers in cars, sit in cars with large radio antennas, have military servants, binoculars/map cases or talk and move positions more often. If possible, snipers shoot in sequences by rank, or if the rank is not available, they shoot to interrupt communication.
Some rifles, such as Denel NTW-20 and Vidhwansak, are designed for a purely anti-matter role (AM), eg. firing turbine disks from parked planes, missile guidance packages, costly optics, and bearings, tubes or radar waveguide sets. Snipers equipped with the right gun can target radar dishes, water containers, vehicle engines, and a host of other targets. Other rifles, such as.50 caliber rifles produced by Barrett and McMillan, are not designed exclusively as AM rifles, but are often used in such a way, providing the range and power required for the application of AM in lightweight packages compared to the most traditional Rifle AM. Other caliber, such as.408 Cheyenne Tactical and.338 Lapua Magnum, are designed to be able to limit AM applications, but are ideally suited as long-range rotating anti-personnel.
Relocation
Often in situations with multiple targets, snipers use relocation. After firing several shots from a certain position, snipers move invisibly to another location before the enemy can determine where they are and counterattack. Snipers will often use this tactic to their advantage, creating an atmosphere of chaos and confusion. In others, a more rare situation, relocation is used to remove wind factors.
Sound close
Since sniper rifles are often very strong and hard-hitting, it's common for snipers to use a technique known as sound masking. When employed by highly skilled snipers, this tactic can be used as a substitute for noise suppression. Extremely harsh sounds in the environment, such as explosions of air artillery shells or thunderstorms, can often mask gunshots. This technique is often used in covert operations, infiltration tactics, and guerrilla warfare.
Psychological warfare
Due to the shocking nature of the fire sniper, the high lethality of aimed shots and frustration at the inability to locate and counterattack snipers, sniper tactics have a significant negative effect on morale. Extensive use of tactics can be used to induce persistent stress and fear in opposing forces, making them afraid to move or leave protection. In many ways, the psychological impact of snipers is very similar to landmines, land mines, and IEDs (constant threats, high lethal "incidents", inability to strike back).
Historically, snipers are often executed. This occurred during World War I, and World War II, for example the second Biskari Massacre when 36 suspected snipers lined up and were shot on July 14, 1943.
As a result, if a sniper is in danger of capture, he can remove any item (sniper rifle, laser rangefinder, etc.) which may indicate his status as a sniper. The risk of a captured sniper briefly executed is explicitly mentioned in Chapter 6 of the US Army documentary document FM 3-060.11 entitled "TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES OF SNIPER AND COUNTERSNIPER":
Historically, units suffering heavy and persistent casualties from urban snipers fire and frustrated by their inability to strike back effectively often get very angry. Such units may overreact and violate the laws of land war over the treatment of the captured snipers. This trend is magnified if the unit has been under intense urban battle pressure for a long time. It is imperative that commanders and leaders at all levels understand the laws of ground war and understand the psychological pressure of urban warfare. It requires strong leadership and a great moral force to prevent soldiers from releasing their anger and frustration at snipers or civilians suspected of shooting them.
The reputation and negative perception of snipers can be traced back to the American Revolution, when American "Marksmen" deliberately targeted British officers, an act considered to be uncivilized by the British Army at the time (this reputation was cemented during the Battle of Saratoga, when Benedict Arnold was allegedly ordered his shooter to target British General Simon Fraser, the actions that won the French battle and support). The British used specially selected snipers as well, often German mercenaries.
To demoralize enemy forces, snipers can follow predictable patterns. During the July 26 Movement in the Cuban Revolution, the revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro always killed prominent people in the army of President Batista. Realizing this, no Batista people walk first, because it is suicide. This effectively lowered the willingness of the army to find a rebel base in the mountains. An alternative approach to this psychological process is to kill the second man in a row, which causes the psychological effect of no one who wants to follow the "leader".
Counter-sniper tactics
The occurrence of sniper war has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategy. It aims to reduce the damage caused by snipers to the army, which can often damage combat and moral abilities.
The risk of damage to the chain of command can be reduced by eliminating or concealing features that will indicate the rank of officers. The modern army tends to avoid paying homage to officers on the ground, and removes the rank of badges on the uniform of armor (BDU). Officers can seek maximum protection before expressing themselves as good candidates for elimination through actions such as reading maps or using the radio.
A friendly sniper can be used to hunt down enemy snipers. In addition to direct observation, defensive forces may use other techniques. This includes counting trajectories with triangulation. Traditionally, triangulation of sniper positions is done manually, although radar-based technology was recently available. Once there, defenders can try to approach snipers from the front and overwhelm them. The United States military funded a project known as RedOwl (Robot Enhanced Detection Outpost With Laser), which uses lasers and acoustic sensors to determine the exact direction from which a sniper's rotation has been fired.
The more rounds fired by the sniper, the more chance the target has to find it. Thus, an attempt to attract fire is often done, sometimes by offering a helmet slightly out of concealment, a tactic successfully employed in the Winter War by Finland known as "KylmÃÆ'¤-Kalle" (Cold Charlie). They use store mannequins or other dolls dressed as tempting targets, like an officer. The doll was then presented as if it were a real man who recklessly covered himself. Usually, Soviet snipers are unable to resist the temptations of seemingly easy murders. As soon as the corner where the bullet comes from is determined, a large-caliber weapon, like the Lahti L-39 "Norsupyssy" ("Elephant rifle" shotgun) is fired at the sniper to kill him.
Other tactics include directing artillery or mortar shells to suspect sniper positions, use of smoke screens, placing bombs operated with tripwire, mines, or other traps near suspect sniper positions. Even fake travel cables can be placed to inhibit sniper movements. If antipersonnel mines are not available, it is possible to improvise the traps by connecting the trip-wires to hand grenades, smoke grenades or flares. Although these can not kill snipers, they will reveal their location. The trap-trap device can be placed near the possibility of a sniper hiding, or along a possible route to and from a position. Knowledge of a sniper field craft will help in this task.
One of the very old counter-sniper tactics is to tie the fabric to a bush or similar stuff in suspicious snipers suspected. These fabrics flapping in the air create movement in the sniper's corner of the eye, which they often find disturbing. The great virtue of this tactic is its simplicity and ease of implementation; However, it is not possible to prevent skilled snipers from selecting targets, and may actually provide snipers with additional information about the wind near the target.
The use of canines has been very successful, especially during the Vietnam War.
Irregular and asymmetrical warfare
The use of sniping for murder came to the public's attention in a number of sensational US criminal cases, including the 1966 Austin sniper incident (Charles Whitman), John F. Kennedy's assassination (Lee Harvey Oswald ), and the Beltway sniper attack in late 2002 (Lee Boyd Malvo). However, these incidents usually do not involve the reach or skill of the military snipers; in all three cases the perpetrators have US military training, but in other specialties. News reports will often (inaccurately) use sniper terms to describe anyone who shoots with a gun at others.
Sniping has been used in situations of asymmetric warfare, for example in the Northern Ireland problem, where in 1972, the bloodiest year of the conflict, the majority of soldiers who were killed were shot by IRA's hidden rifles. There are some examples in the early 1990s British soldiers and RUC personnel who were shot with 50-caliber Barrett rifles by sniper teams that are collectively known as South Armagh snipers.
Snipers are perfect for combating environments where one side is harmed. A careful sniping strategy can use multiple individuals and resources to thwart the movement or other advancement of a much better or greater power. Sniping allows some people to instill terror in a much larger regular force - regardless of the magnitude of the sniper power attached. It has been widely accepted that sniping, although effective in specific matters, is far more effective as a widely deployed psychological attack or as a force multiplier.
Snipers tend not to be treated well than snipers if captured by enemies. The rationale for this is that ordinary soldiers shoot at 'equal opportunity' while snipers take their time in tracking and killing individual targets methodically with relatively low risk of retaliation.
The war in Iraq
In 2003, a US-led multinational coalition of US and US troops occupied Iraq and sought to establish a new government in the country. However, shortly after the initial invasion, violence against coalition forces and among sectarian groups led to asymmetrical warfare with the Iraqi insurgency and civil war between many Sunnis and Shiites.
Until November 2005, when the Pentagon last reported the death of a sniper, the Army has linked 28 of the 2,100 US deaths to enemy snipers. More recently, since 2006, rebel snipers like "Juba" have caused problems for American troops. Claims have been made that Juba has shot up to 37 US troops in Iraq in October 2006.
In 2006, training materials obtained by US intelligence showed that snipers fighting in Iraq were urged to elect and attack engineers, medics, and priests on the theory that the victims would degrade the morale of all enemy units. Among the training materials, there are guides for insect sniper training posted on the Internet. Among his tips for shooting US troops, it says: "Killing doctors and pastors is recommended as a means of psychological warfare."
Afghanistan
Several sniper teams in Afghanistan have killed large numbers of Taliban in a relatively short period of time. For example, when in Helmand Province, two British snipers (part of the Welsh Battle group) shot dead a total of 75 Taliban in just 40 days during the summer of 2009. In a task session, which lasted just two hours, they shot and killed eight Taliban. On another occasion, the same team scored "Quigley" (ie, killed two Taliban with one bullet) at a distance of 196 meters.
The Taliban snipers themselves have caused problems for coalition forces. For example, during a four-month period in early 2011, two Taliban snipers shot dead two British soldiers and wounded six others at the outpost in Qadrat, Helmand province. In an unusual incident, an unnamed 55-year-old former Mujahideen fighter with a motorcycle and a British Enfield rifle killed two British soldiers with a single shot, hitting the first in the head and the second at the neck.
Arab Spring
Sniper activity has been reported during the Arab Spring civil unrest in Libya in 2011, both from anti-government and pro-government supporters, and in Syria at least from pro-government forces.
Notable military shooters and snipers
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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