one-child policy , part of family planning policy , is China's population planning policy. It was introduced in 1979 and began to be officially removed towards the end of 2015 and early 2016. This policy allows exceptions for many groups, including ethnic minorities. In 2007, 36% of China's population was subject to tight one-child restrictions, with an additional 53% allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl. Provincial governments impose fines for violations, and local and national governments create commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work.
According to the Chinese government, 400 million births are prevented. Scholars have largely disputed this claim with Martin King Whyte and Wang et al found that the policy has little to do with population growth or population size. China has been compared to countries with similar socioeconomic developments such as Thailand and Iran, along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which achieve the same reduction in fertility without a one-child policy. Although 76% of Chinese support this policy in the 2008 survey, it is still controversial outside of China.
On October 29, 2015, it was reported that the existing law would be changed into a two-child policy, citing a statement from the Chinese Communist Party. The new law came into force on 1 January 2016, following its journey at the permanent committee of the National People's Congress on December 27, 2015.
Video One-child policy
Introduction
During the period of Mao Zedong's leadership in China, the birth rate fell from 37 per thousand to 20 per thousand. The infant mortality rate decreased from 227 per thousand births in 1949 to 53 per thousand in 1981, and life expectancy increased dramatically from about 35 years in 1948 to 66 years in 1976. Until the 1960s, the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible because of Mao's belief that population growth empowers the country, preventing the emergence of previous family planning programs in China's development. The population grew from about 540 Ã, million in 1949 to 940 Ã, million in 1976. Beginning in 1970, citizens are encouraged to marry in old age and have only two child.
Despite the declining level of fertility, the Chinese government observes the global debate over possible disastrous population disasters suggested by organizations such as the Club of Rome and the Sierra Club. While visiting Europe in 1979, one of China's top officials, Song Jian, read two influential books from the movement, the Growth Border and the Blueprint to Survive. With a group of mathematicians, Song determined the true Chinese population to 700 Ã, million. A plan is prepared to reduce the Chinese population to the desired level by 2080, with one-child policy as one of the major instruments of social engineering. Despite some critics within the party, the plan (also referred to as Family Planning Policy) was formally adopted in 1979. The plan calls on families to have one child each to curb the soaring population and limit the demand for water and other resources, as well as to alleviate social, economic and environmental problems in China. The policy was officially implemented as a provisional measure on September 18, 1980.
Maps One-child policy
History
The one-child policy was originally designed to be a One-Generation Policy. It is enforced at the provincial level and its enforcement is diverse; some provinces have more restrictions. The strictest one-child boundary is enforced in densely populated urban areas.
Beginning in 1980, official policies allowed local officials to make exceptions and allow second children in cases of "practical difficulties" (such as cases where a father is a disabled worker) or when both parents are single children, and some provinces have Other exceptions are working within their policies as well. In most areas, families are allowed to have a second child if their eldest daughter is a girl. In addition, families with children with disabilities have different policies and families whose first child suffering from physical disability, mental illness, or intellectual disability are allowed to have more children. However, the second child is sometimes subject to birth spacing (usually 3 or 4 years). Children born overseas are not included in the policy if they do not get Chinese citizenship. Chinese citizens returning from abroad are allowed to have a second child. Sichuan Province allows exceptions for couples with a certain background. With one estimate there are at least 22 ways in which a parent can qualify for an exception to the law towards the end of the existence of a one-child policy. In 2007, only 35.9% of the population was subject to a strict one-child restriction. 52.9% are allowed to have a second child if the first is a girl; 9.6% of Chinese couples were allowed two children regardless of their gender; and 1.6% - mainly Tibetans - have no limits at all.
After the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, a new exclusion of regulations was announced in Sichuan province for parents who lost children in an earthquake. Similar previous exceptions have been made for parents of children with disabilities or deceased. People also try to avoid policies by giving birth to a second child in Hong Kong, but at least for Guangdong residents, one child policy is also enforced if the birth is given in Hong Kong or abroad.
In accordance with China's affirmative action policy against ethnic minorities, all non-Han ethnic groups are subject to different laws and are usually allowed to have two children in urban areas, and three or four in rural areas. Han Chinese living in rural towns are also allowed to have two children. Because of such couples, as well as those who pay only a fine (or "social maintenance fee") to have more children, the overall fertility rate of mainland China is close to 1.4 children per woman in 2011.
Implementation
The Family Planning Policy is enforced through financial penalties in the form of "social child rearing costs", sometimes called "family planning" in the West, collected as part of the city's annual income or from the farmer's annual income, in the year of child's birth. For example, in Guangdong, the cost is between 3 and 6 annual revenues for revenues below the per capita income of districts, plus 1 to 2 times the annual income that exceeds the average. Both members of the couple must pay the fine.
As part of the policy, women are required to have an intrauterine contraceptive (IUD) surgically installed after first childbirth, and sterilized with tubal ligation after giving birth to a second child. From 1980 to 2014, 324 million Chinese women were fitted with IUDs in this way and 108 million were sterilized. Women who reject this procedure - much hated - can lose their government jobs and their children can lose access to education or health services. IUDs installed in this way are modified in such a way that they can not be removed manually, but only through operation. In 2016, after the abolition of the one-child policy, the Chinese government announced that the abolition of IUD would now be paid by the government.
Relaxation
In 2013, Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Family Planning and Health Commission said that "the Chinese population will not grow substantially in the short term". A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wanting to have two children, mostly due to the cost of life impact of a second child.
In November 2013, after the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, China announced its decision to relax the one-child policy. Under the new policy, families can have two children if one parent, rather than both parents, is an only child. This is mainly applied to urban couples, as there are very few children living in rural areas due to the exception of policy for rural couples. The coastal province of Zhejiang, one of the most prosperous in China, became the first region to implement this "relaxed policy" in January 2014. The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 of the 31 provinces, with the exception of Xinjiang and Tibet. Under this policy, about 11 Ã,/span> million couples in China are allowed to have a second child; however, only "almost a million" couples are applying for a second child by 2014, less than half the expected number of 2 million per year. As of May 2014, 241,000 of 271,000 applications have been approved. The Chinese National Health and Family Planning Commission official claimed that these results were expected, and that the "second child policy" would continue with a good start.
In 2016, 433 births and 211 deaths were recorded in Wulipu, Hubei. Birth rate is 8.9? and the mortality rate is 4.3? resulting in a natural population increase of 4.6. In the results of a separate survey published by the Shayang District government, the Wulipu population has increased from 48,044 to 48,132 during the survey period. 424 children born during the survey period produced a birth rate of 8.82 ?. During the same period, 63 people died, resulting in a death rate of 1.31. From births in the survey, 406 (95.75%) conformed to China's family planning policy. 312 (73.58%) of births are the firstborn in the family. (All births are in accordance with China's family planning policy.) Among the eldest children, 157 are women. 107 (25.24%) of births is the second child in the family. These 90 births are in keeping with China's family planning policy. Among the second children born, 47 are women. Five (1.18%) of the surveyed births were not the eldest or second child in the family. Four of these births conform to China's family planning policy. Among children born who are not the firstborn or the second, two are women.
Deletion
In October 2015, China's Xinhua news agency announced the government's plan to abolish the one-child policy, now allowing all families to have two children, quoting from a communique issued by the Communist Party "to promote balanced population development" Ã, - a real reference to the ratio female-to-male sex in the country - and to deal with an aging population according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The new law comes into force on 1 January 2016 after being ratified in the permanent committee of the National People's Congress on December 27, 2015.
The rationale for the abolition was summarized by former May Street Wall Street Journal reporter Mei Fong: "The reason China is doing this now is because they have too many men, too many parents, and too few young people." They have an enormous demographic crisis as a result of a one-child policy. And if people do not start to have more children, they will have a greatly reduced workforce to support a very old population. "The ratio of China is about five adults working for one retiree, a large retired community should be supported, the future, according to Fong.
As Chinese citizens live longer and have fewer children, population growth imbalances are expected to continue, as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation referring to the United Nations projection that estimates that "China will lose 67 million people of working age by 2030, while simultaneously doubling the number of elderly.It can put great pressure on the economy and government resources. "Long-term prospects are also pessimistic, based on estimates by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, disclosed by Cai Fang, deputy director. "By 2050, a third of the country will be 60 years of age or older, and there will be fewer workers who support every pensioner."
Although many critics of China's reproductive restrictions approved the abolition of the policy, Amnesty International said that the move to a two-child policy would not end forced sterilization, forced abortion, or government control over birth permits. Others also stated that the abolition was not a sign of easing authoritarian control in China. A reporter for CNN said, "It is not a sign that the party will suddenly begin to respect the personal freedom more than has been in the past.No, this is the case of the party adjusting the policy to the conditions... The new policy, raising the limit for two children per couple, retain the role of the state. "
This removal may not achieve significant benefits, as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis shows: "Reversing a one-child policy may not spur a large infant boom, but, in part because fertility rates are believed to decrease even without policy enforcement." Previously, the one-child policy has encouraged fewer births than expected, and many people among the Chinese youth see smaller family sizes as ideal. "The CNN reporter added that China's new prosperity is also a factor in declining birth rates, saying," Couples naturally decided to have fewer children as they moved from field to town, became more educated, and when women built careers outdoors. "
Administration
The one-child policy is administered by the National Population and Family Planning Commission under the central government since 1981. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and the National Commission on Health and Family Planning were made to die and a new single agency National Health and Family Planning Commission took over health policy and national family planning by 2013. The agency reports to the State Council.
The policy is enacted at the provincial level through penalties imposed on the basis of family income and other factors. "Population and Family Planning Commission" exists at every level of government to raise awareness and conduct registration and examination.
Effects
Fertility rate
According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives, it is very complicated to evaluate the impact of one-child policy on family outcomes because the Chinese government has enacted an aggressive family planning policy prior to the introduction of a one-child policy; saw a sharp decline in fertility rates prior to the enactment of a one-child policy; one-child policy coincides with China's economic reforms that will contribute to the decline in fertility rates; and other developing East Asian countries also experienced a sharp decline in fertility rates. According to the study, "In general, a very different view exists on how one-child policy affects fertility: one study group believes that one-child policy has a significant or decisive influence on fertility in China, while other groups argue that socio-economic development plays a key role in China's decline in fertility.The sensible reconciliation of this view is that one-child policy accelerates the decline in fertility that has occurred over several years, but in the long run, economic development plays a more fundamental role in causing and maintaining China's low fertility rate To make it more outspoken, China's fertility may have come down to current low levels with rapid economic development, even without a one-child policy, although the timeline of the slump will not appear quite the same. "
Continuation of demographic transition
The rate of fertility in China continued to fall from 2.8 births per woman in 1979 (already a sharp decline from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s) to 1.5 in 2010. This is similar to the demographic transition seen in Thailand , the Indian state of Kerala, Tamil Nadu that has undergone similar changes in fertility rates without the one-child policy. The Chinese one-child policy significantly accelerates the emergence of an aging society, radically altering population structure, and helping to create an aging population. Although the policy may have achieved demographic goals stated to prevent about 200 million or more births (official claim is 400 million), it yields many undesirable and far-reaching consequences. These include a deficit of 40 million baby girls, mostly as a direct consequence of selective sex selective abortion, and populations with enormous elderly demographics.
Disparity in sex ratio at birth
The sex ratio of newborns (between male and female births) in mainland China reaches 117: 100, and stable between 2000 and 2013, much higher than the natural baseline, which ranges between 103: 100 and 107: 100. has risen from 108: 100 in 1981 - at the baseline of nature - to 111: 100 in 1990. According to a report by the National Population and Family Planning Commission, there will be 30 million more men than women by 2020, potentially leading to social instability, and dating-motivated emigration.
The difference in the gender ratio at birth increased dramatically after the first birth, where the ratio remained in natural baseline during the 20-year interval between 1980 and 1999. Thus, most couples seem to receive results from the first pregnancy, whether male or women. If the first child is female, and they can have a second child, then the couple can take extraordinary steps to ensure that the second child is male. If the couple already has two or more sons, the sex ratio of the higher parity birth swings clearly toward the feminine. This demographic evidence suggests that while families highly value male descent, secondary norms of having girls or having a balance in the sex of children often play. Zeng 1993 reported a study based on the 1990 census in which they found a sex ratio of only 65 or 70 boys per 100 girls for births in families who already had two or more sons. A study by Anderson & amp; Silver (1995) found a similar pattern among Han and non-Han nationalities in Xinjiang Province: a strong preference for girls in high-birth parity in families who have given birth to two or more boys. The tendency to select girls in high-parity births for couples who have given birth to children is then also noted by Coale and Banister, who also suggest that once a couple has reached their goal for male numbers, it is also more likely to engage in "stop behavior "ie stopping having more children.
Long-term gaps have led to significant gender imbalances or skewing sex ratios. As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, China has between 32 Ã, million and 36 Ã,/span> million more males than is expected naturally, and this has caused social problems. "Because of the traditional preference for male infants against women, the one-child policy is often cited as the cause of China's oblique sex ratio... Even the government recognizes the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of youth who will not be able to find the bride and be transformed into abduction of women, sex trafficking, other forms of crime or social unrest. "The situation will not improve any time soon. According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, there will be 24 million more men than women of marriage age by 2020. Education
According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives, "existing studies show little or minimal effects of changes in fertility caused by one-child policy on children's education".
Adoption
China's one-child policy makes it more expensive for parents who adopt children, which may have an impact on the number of children living in state-sponsored orphanages. However, in the 1980s and early 1990s, poor care and high mortality rates in some state institutions pose strong international pressure for reform.
In the 1980s, adoption accounted for half of what the so-called "missing girls" were. During the 1980s, when one-child policy came into force, parents who wanted a son but had daughters often failed to report or delay reporting female births to authorities. Some parents may have offered their daughters for formal or informal adoption. The majority of children who underwent formal adoption in China in the late 1980s were women, and the proportion increased over time.
In an interview with National Public Radio on October 30, 2015, Adam Pertman, president and CEO of the National Center on Adoption and Permanence, points out that many young girls are adopted by other citizens, especially the United States, a trend that has been declining for several years. "Baby girls have not been available, if you want, for five, seven years... China has... tried to keep girls in the country... And the consequence is that, today, than those young women who used to be available - especially women - today, older children, special needs children, children in groups of siblings, very, very different. "
Twins
Since there is no penalty for twin births, it is believed that more and more couples are turning to fertility drugs to induce twin conceptions. According to the 2006 China Daily Report, the number of twin births per year is expected to double.
Quality of life for women
The one-child policy has played a major role in improving the quality of life of women in China. For thousands of years, girls have had lower status in Chinese households. However, the one-child policy limit on the number of children has encouraged women's parents to start investing money in their welfare. As the only child, women have increased the opportunity to receive education, and support to get a better job. One side effect of a one-child policy is to free women from the daunting task of caring for many children and families in the past; on the contrary, women have plenty of free time to pursue their own careers or hobbies. Another major "side effect" of a one-child policy is that the traditional concepts of gender roles between men and women have weakened. Being the one and only "opportunity" parents have, women are expected to compete with their peers for educational resources or better career opportunities. Particularly in cities where one-child policy is much more regulated and enforced, the hope in women to succeed in life is no less than that of men.
Improved healthcare
It was reported that China's focus on population planning helped provide better health services for women and reduced the risk of pregnancy-related deaths and injuries. In the family planning office, women receive free contraceptive and pre-natal classes that contribute to the success of the policy in two ways. First, the average Chinese household spends fewer resources, both in terms of time and money, on the children, which gives many Chinese more money to invest. Secondly, because Chinese adults can no longer rely on children to care for them in their old age, there is an incentive to save money for the future. Problem
"Four-two-one"
Since the first generation of children is only the enacted law of becoming an adult to become a parent of its own, one adult child is left with having to provide support for both his parents and his four grandparents. Called "Problem 4-2-1", this leaves older generations with an increased likelihood of dependence on pensions or charities to receive support. If personal savings, pensions, or state welfare fail, most senior citizens will be entirely dependent on their family or small neighbors for help. If, for whatever reason, an only child can not care for older adult families, the oldest generation will face a lack of resources and needs. In response to such problems, all provinces have decided that couples are allowed to have two children if both parents are only children themselves: In 2007, all provinces in the country except Henan have adopted this new policy; Henan followed in 2011.
Unregistered child
Heihaizi (Chinese: ??? ; pinyin: h? IhÃÆ'¡izi ) or "black child" is a term that indicates children born outside the one-child policy, or generally children not registered in China's national household registration system.
Excluded from the family list means they do not have Hukou, which is "identification document, similar in some way to the American social security card." Because they do not legally exist and as a result can not access most public services, such as education and health care, and do not receive protection under the law.
Some parents may indulge their only child. The media refers to children who are persecuted in one-child families as "little emperors". Since the 1990s, some have worried that this will result in a higher tendency toward poor social communication and cooperative skills among the new generation, since they have no relatives at home. There is no social research investigating the pampering ratios of children and the extent to which they are spoiled. With the first generation of children born under the policy (which was originally a requirement for most couples with first children born beginning in 1979 and extending into the 1980s) reaching adulthood, such concerns diminish.
However, the "small emperor syndrome" and additional expression, depicting a generation of single Chinese people are abundant in Chinese media, Chinese academics, and popular discussions. Too self-indulgent, lacking self-discipline and lacking in adaptive abilities are attributes that are closely related to the single Chinese.
About 30 delegates called on the government at the China People's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one-child rule, citing "social problems and personality disorders in young people". One statement reads, "It's not healthy for children to just play with their parents and be pampered by them: not properly limiting the number of two children per family, too." This proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, who suggested that the government at least restore previous rules that allow couples to have up to two children. According to one scholar, "The boundaries of one child are too extreme, that violates the laws of nature, and in the long run, this will lead to the mother's revenge."
Birth tour
Reports emerged from Chinese women who gave birth to their second child abroad, a practice known as birth tours. Many went to Hong Kong, who was released from the one-child policy. Similarly, Hong Kong passports differ from mainland passports by providing additional benefits. Recently, the Hong Kong government has drastically reduced the established birth quotas for non-local women in public hospitals. As a result, the cost of having a baby there jumped. When further cuts or a total ban on non-local births in Hong Kong are being considered, the main institutions governing pregnant women to give birth overseas predict a surge in people who go to North America.
Because the United States practices the right of nationality of birth, all children born in the US will automatically have US citizenship. The closest US location of China is Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands, a US dependence on the western Pacific Ocean that allows Chinese visitors without visa restrictions. In 2012, the island is progressing in the birth of China, because birth tours there have become cheaper than to Hong Kong. This choice is used by fairly prosperous Chinese who often have secondary motives as well, hoping their children can leave mainland China as they grow older or bring their parents to the United States. Canada, compared to the US, is less achievable because their government rejects many visa requests.
Sex abortion
Because of preference in Rural Chinese society for childbirth, pre-natal sex determination and selective sex abortion are illegal in China. Often disputed as one of the key factors in China's unbalanced sex ratio, because excessive female infant mortality and unreported female births can not fully explain this gender difference. Researchers have found that the sex of the eldest son in rural China has an impact on whether the mother will seek ultrasound for a second child. 40% of women with eldest sons seek ultrasound for their second pregnancy, compared to 70% of women with eldest daughter. This clearly illustrates a woman's desire to give birth to a boy if a person has not been born. In response, the Chinese government conducted an illegal sex selective abortion in 2005.
Criticism
This policy is controversial outside China for various reasons, including allegations of human rights abuses in policy implementation, as well as concerns about negative social consequences.
Statement on policy influence on birth reduction
The Chinese government, quoting Zhai Zhenwu, director of the School of Sociology and Population of Renmin University in Beijing, estimates that 400 million sponsorship was prevented by the one-child policy in 2011, while some demographers challenged that number, half the rate, according to CNN. Zhai clarified that the estimated 400 million span not only refers to a one-child policy, but includes births prevented by his previous predecessor's policy declared that "there are many different numbers out there but not changing the basic fact that the policy prevents the birth of a very large number.
This claim is disputed by Wang Feng, director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Public Policy Center, and Cai Yong of the Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill Wang claims that "Thailand and China have nearly identical fertility trajectories since the mid-1980s" and "Thailand does not have a one-child policy." China's Health Ministry has also revealed that at least 336 Ã, million abortions were made because of the policy.
According to a report by the US Embassy, ​​scholarships issued by Chinese scholars and their presentations at the October 1997 conference at the International Union for Population Scientific Studies seem to indicate that market-based incentives or increased volunteerism are not morally better but ultimately more effective. In 1988, Zeng Yi and Professor T. Paul Schultz from Yale University discussed the effect of transformation to the market on Chinese fertility, arguing that the introduction of the contract responsibility system in agriculture during the early 1980s weakened family planning controls during that period. Zeng argues that the "big cooking pot" system of the People's Commune has isolated people from the cost of having many children. By the late 1980s, the economic costs and incentives created by the contracting system had reduced the number of children the farmers wanted.
Long-term experiments in an area in Shanxi Province, where family planning law is suspended, suggest that families will not have more children even if the law is removed. A 2003 review of the policy-making process behind the adoption of one-child policy suggests that less disturbing choices, including those that emphasize delays and distance of birth, are known but not fully considered by Chinese political leaders.
Unequal enforcement
Corrupt government officials and especially the rich can often violate policies despite fines. Filmmaker Zhang Yimou has three children and was fined 7.48 Ã, million yuan ($ 1.2 Ã, million). For example, between 2000 and 2005, as many as 1,968 officials in China's Hunan province were found to be in violation of policies, according to the provincial family planning commission; also exposed by the commission are 21 members of national and local parliaments, 24 political advisers, 112 entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals.
Offensive officials are not facing punishment, although the government responds with fines and calls on local officials to "expose celebrities and high-income people who violate family planning policies and have more than one child". Also, people living in rural China are allowed to have two children without punishment, even though the family is asked to wait several years before having another child.
Human rights violations
The one-child policy has been challenged for violating human rights to determine the right family size. According to a proclamation of the 1968 Conference of Human Rights on Human Rights, "Parents have basic human rights to determine freely and responsibly the number and distance of their children."
According to the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph, the quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilization was set for Huaiji County in Guangdong Province in one year for reportedly ignoring the one-child policy. According to the articles local officials are pressed to purchase portable ultrasound devices to identify prospective abortion in remote villages. The article also reports that women as far as 8.5 months pregnant are forced to cancel, usually by injection of saline solution. A 1993 book by social scientist Steven W. Mosher reports that women in their ninth month of pregnancy, or have given birth, have killed their children while on the birth canal or soon after birth.
According to a 2005 news report by an Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent, John Taylor, China banned the use of physical force to get a woman to surrender to abortion or sterilization in 2002 but was not effective at measuring it. In 2012, Feng Jianmei, a villager from Shaanxi province in central China, was forced to have an abortion by a local official after his family refused to pay a fine for having a second child. Chinese authorities have since apologized and two officials were fired, while five others were sanctioned.
In the past, China promoted eugenics as part of the population planning policy, but the government has withdrawn from the policy, as evidenced by China's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, forcing the state to significantly reform its genetics. test the law. Recent research also emphasizes the need to understand the myriad of complex social relationships that affect the meaning of informed consent in China. Furthermore, in 2003, China revised its marriage registration rules and the couple no longer had to file a physical or genetic examination before marriage before being given a marriage certificate.
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) support for family planning in China, which has been linked to the One-Child policy in the United States, led the United States Congress to withdraw from UNFPA during the Reagan administration, and again under George W. Bush , citing human rights abuses and declaring that the right to "find a family" is protected under the Preamble in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Obama continued US government financial support for UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009, intending to "work together to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance for women in 154 countries".
Effect on infanticid level
Abortion, abandonment, and illegally chosen baby killings are illegal in China. However, the United States Department of State, the Royal Parliament, and the human rights organization Amnesty International have stated that infanticide still exists. A writer for Georgetown Journal of International Affairs wrote, "The 'one-child policy' has also caused what Amartya Sen was first called 'Missing Women', or 100 Ã,/span> million 'missing' girls from the population China (and other developing countries) as a result of female infanticide, neglect and neglect ".
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation offers the following summary for the long-term effects of female sex abortion and abandonment: "Several studies have also found that sex selective abortion - where a woman undergoes ultrasound to determine the sex of a baby, and then cancels it if it is a girl - widespread over the years, especially for second or subsequent children.Million female fetuses have been aborted since 1970. China banned sex selective abortion in 2005, but this law is difficult to enforce because of the difficulty of proving why couples decide to have abortions, neglect and murder, girls have also been reported, although recent research studies say it has become scarce, partly because of a strict criminal ban. "
Anthropologist G. William Skinner of the University of California, Davis, and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua claim that infanticide was common in China before the 1990s.
In popular culture
- Ball, David (2002). China Run . Simon & amp; Schuster. ISBNÃ, 0-74322743-3. Ã, The novel about an American woman traveling to China to adopt orphans from a one-child policy, only to find himself a fugitive when the Chinese Government informs him that he has been given "the wrong baby".
- Prevention of abortion imposed by the state during labor to adapt to the one-child policy is a key plot point in Tom Clancy's novel The Bear and the Dragon .
- The difficulty of implementing a one-child policy was dramatized in the novel Mo Yan Frog (2009, an English translation by Howard Goldblatt, 2015).
- Avoiding family planning enforcement is the essence of Ma Jian's novel The Dark Road (translated by Flora Drew, 2013).
- Novelis Lu Min writes about his own family experience with the One Child Policy in his essay "A Second Pregnancy, 1980" (translated by Helen Wang, 2015).
- Xue, Xinran (2015). Buy Me Heaven . Rider (trail). ISBN: 978-1-8460-4471-7. Tells the story of children raised under Chinese one-child policy and its effects that have exist in their lives, families and the ability to face life's challenges.
- Fong, May (2016). One Child: The Most Radical Chinese Experiment Story. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN: 9780544275393.
See also
- Shidu (mourning), showing the loss of the only child
- Two child policy
- Dying Room
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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